Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Click to edit Master subtitle style

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ECG (Electrocardiography)

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Definition Electrocardiography is a

transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured and recorded by skin electrodes.
Click to edit Master subtitle style of the word The etymology
is derived from theGreek wordelectro, because it is related to electrical activity,cardio,Greek for heart, andgraph aGreek root meaning "to write".
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Electrocardio graphy is one of the most widely used non invasive technique for the diagnosis of heart

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 Regular heart movements

are controlled by a complex set of electrical impulses that direct the upper and lower heart chambers to contract and relax rhythmically. When these electrical activities are interrupted or misguided, the arrhythmia can be symptoms of heart diseases. 4/15/12 Furthermore, the impulses

 The first to systematically approach the heart

from an electrical point-of-view wasAugustus Waller, working inSt Marys HospitalinPaddington,London . His electrocardiograph machine consisted of a Lippmann capillary electrometer fixed to a projector.An initial breakthrough came whenWillem Einthoven, working inLeiden,Netherlands, used thestring galvanometerthat he invented in 4/15/12 1903.This device was much more sensitive than both the

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What's a LEAD of an ECG ?

Usually more than 2 electrodes are used Click to edit Master subtitle style in an ECG and they can be combined into a number of pairs (For example: Left arm (LA), right arm (RA) and left leg (LL) electrodes form the pairs: LA+RA, LA+LL, RA+LL). The output from each pair is known as alead. Each lead is said to look at the heart from a different angle. Different types of ECGs can be referred to4/15/12 by the number ofleadsthat are

How ECG is performed ?

Click to edit Master subtitle style ECG leads are attached to the body while the patient lies flat on a bed or table. Leads are attached to each extremity (four total) and to six pre-defined positions on the front of the chest. A small amount of gel is applied to the skin, which allows the electrical impulses of the heart to be more easily transmitted to the 4/15/12 EKG leads. The leads are attached by small

Output of an ECG :

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Advantages :
Cardiovascular disorders can be indicated with the help of ECG.

Disadvantages :
It doesnt detect any underlying problem.ECG needs to be performed at the "right" moment to capture the abnormalities. At other times, a patient may have entirely normal 4/15/12 ECG.

MEDICAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY

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Definition :

Diagnostic sonography or medical ultrasonography (ultrasonography) is anultrasound-based diagnosticimagingtechnique used for visualizing subcutaneous body structures includingtendons,muscles, joints, vessels and internal organs for possible pathology orlesions.Obstetric sonography is commonly used duringpregnancy and is widely recognized by the public.
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More about ultrasonography :

Ultrasonography is study of internal organs or blood vessel using high frequency sound waves , the actual test called ultrasound scan or sonogram. Used in detecting abnormalities of heart, uterus, pancreas, urinary bladder, liver, stomach, kidney, eye & teeth. Several types of ultrasounds are there 4/15/12 which are used in diagnosing specific parts of

Purpose of Ultrasonography :

ultrasonography can detect the direction, velocity, and turbulence of blood flow. It is frequently used to detect problems with heart valves or to measure blood flow through the arteries. Specifically, it is useful in the work up ofstrokepatients, in assessing blood flow in

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Historical introduction :
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1876 Sir Francis Galton : 1st ultrasound instrument developed in dog 1880 Jacques & Pierre : discovery of piezoelectric effect (mechanical electric) 1881 Curies : reverse piezoelectric effect for Industrial applications 1940 Ultrasonic energy was 1st4/15/12 applied in human body for medical purpose.

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Working principle of medical ultrasonography :

A sound waves travels in a pulse & when it is reflected back it becomes an echo. The pulse-echo principle is used for ultrasound imaging. A pulse generated by one or more piezoelectric crystals in an ultrasound probe or transducer. Ultrasound probe crystal is shocked by single extremely short pulse of electricity to vibrate at a frequency determined by its thickness. Once echo are converted into electrical 4/15/12 signals, these are processed &

Different modes of ultrasonography:

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Doppler Sonography :

Sonography can be enhanced with Doppler measurements, which employ theDoppler effect to assess whether structures (usually blood) are moving towards or away from the probe, and its relative velocity. his is particularly useful in cardiovascular studies (sonography of the vascular system and heart) and essential in many areas such as determining reverse blood flow in the liver. Most modern sonographic machines use pulsed Doppler to measure velocity.
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Disadvantages : Advantage : s Performing & interpreting

the Many examination can be extremely difficult. advantages over conventional radiography No ionizing radiation Safe in pregnancy No known side
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