ISMT 101

HW/SW
 Business implications
Mgmt

Organizational use
Major IS (1) (1) Digital EB
Economy (7)

Technology components People

HW SW Network Internet DB
(2) (3) (5) (6) (4)
Learning goals
 Identify the major components of modern PCs.
 Explain how the components of a computer work together;
 Explain the role of the CPU and how it operates.
 Explain input devices and how they operate.
 Describe output devices and how they operate.
 Describe multimedia and alternative I/O devices.
 Explain the role of primary storage.
 Describe secondary storage devices and how they operate.
 Describe various types of computers.
The Historical Development of Computers

 Babbage’s Analytical Engine – 1820s – 1870s

 Herman Hollerith
 Punched card tabulating machines – 1890 census
The Historical Development of Computers

 ENIAC during WWII used vacuum tubes

 1960s introduced transistor to replace tubes
 1970s – introduction of the microprocessor
The Rise of the PC

 1974 – Altair 8800 – the first PC

The Rise of the PC

 1976 – Wosniak and Jobs – Apple

The Rise of the PC

 1981 – IBM PC (introduction of MS-DOS)

 1984 – Apple Macintosh (Graphical user interface, GUI)
Smaller, Faster, Cheaper
The Core Computer Components

 Input device(s)
 Output device(s)
 Primary storage
 Secondary storage
 Central processing unit
 Bus
John von Neumann Architecture
Output Devices
 Monitors
 Cathode ray tube (CRTs)
 Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
 Quality of display – Resolution, Dot pitch
 Touch screens
 Input and output via display device
How does LCD work?
Printers
 Speed and resolution
 Pages per minute
 Dots per inch, higher DPI the greater the page clarity
 Impact
 Create image by striking paper and ribbon, dot-matrix
 Non-impact
 Create image by spraying or rolling ink on the page
Non-impact Printers
 Ink-jet technology printers
 Spray ink on the paper
 Small, Quiet, Color is readily and cheaply available
 Laser printers
 Laser heats drum which rolls ink (toner) on paper
 Can be faster than ink-jet, Color more expensive than ink-jet
Combo

 HP 7410 All-in-One
• Printer
• Scanner
• Copier
• Fax
• Wireless Hub
Input Devices

 Human input devices

 Allow person to send data to the computer
 Keyboard
 Mouse (and other pointing devices)
 Machine-readable input devices
 Send data directly to computer without human involvement
 No human involvement means no human error
 Usually faster than human input
Keyboard as Input Device

 Easy way to enter text, numbers, and simple commands

 Follows the layout of the typewriter
 QWERTY keyboard leads to RSIs
 Repetitive Stress Injuries
 Requires increased attention to ergonomics of the work
environment
 Posture
 Lighting
 Working habit
Human input devices
Virtual keyboard
Machine-readable Input Devices
 Bar code scanners
 Uses light to read series, e.g., package tracking at UPS
 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
 Software that works with scanner, translating scanned image to character
 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
 Used by banks to allow rapid routing of checks between banks
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Multimedia I/O Devices

 Music, images, and video

 Convert content to digital form
 Multimedia I/O Devices

ranks

44K samples/sec
# of ranks = 64K
samples

decimal system  binary system

Primary Storage

 Digital data stored in bits – BInary digiTs

 Combination of 8 bits is called a byte
 Different combinations of bits represent different symbols
 E.g., a = 10001101
 All data and programs are represented in bits
 Video
 Pictures
 Text
Primary Storage
 Primary storage holds all programs that are running
and the data those programs use
 The main memory of the computer
 Stored on semiconductor chips
 RAM – random access memory
 Volatile
 Cache memory
 Internal – ultra high speed and VERY expensive
 External – very high speed and less expensive than internal cache
 ROM – read only memory
 Non-volatile
Primary storage

RAM

Internal ROM
(in CPU) (Used for BIOS)

Cache
Secondary Storage
 Nonvolatile storage of digital data
 Magnetic or optical (CDs)
 Magnetic media
 Sequential access (tape) or direct access (HDD)
Hard Disk Drives and Direct Access
 Primary
Semi- storage
conductor
e

t
lum

os
,c

Magnetic disk
Vo

d
ee
Sp

Secondary
Optical disk
storage

Magnetic tape
New approach to storage

 Online storage
 Briefcase.yahoo.com
 “30 Megabytes, for free!”
“New” new approaches to online storage

among
others…
“New” new approaches to online storage

Six Free Online Storage Services, Feb 28, 2007

http://www.extremetech.com/print_article2/0,1217,a=202048,00.asp
It’s likely in 2020…
 No “PC”
 Only I/O, network connection
 Everything else on the Web
 Centralized storage, computation
 S/W on the Web

 Implications
 Value-added services on the Web
The Central Processing Unit

 Main components
 Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 Control unit (CU)
 Registers are used as scrap paper – intermediate results (i.e.,
temporary memory)
 Speed
 Millions of instructions per second (MIPS)
 # transistors/chip  complexity of CPU  MIPS
 Moore’s Law on Processor Speed
 Moore’s law: the density of circuits on a chip, and thereby the
performance, doubles every 18-24 months
 for the same performance, price is half
 for the same price, performance doubles
 For the last 20 years, PC’s power increased by more than 10,000 times
Moore’s Law
Mgmt implications
 A rapid shift in what’s possible
 A tremendous source of value-added for the whole economy

MIPS
Grounded on Moore’s law
– ultra-portables
Grounded on Moore’s law
–Smart Phones
Grounded on Moore’s law
– Tablet PC
Grounded on Moore’s law
–ToughBook
Grounded on Moore’s law
–Wearable Computing
Grounded on Moore’s law
–Recordable TV
Grounded on Moore’s law
–Smart cards
Grounded on Moore’s law
–storage

Cost per GB

100,000

10,000

1,000

100

10

1
88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02
19

19

19

19

19

19

19

20

20

20
19

19

19

19

19

Year
Grounded on Moore’s law
–product innovations
Moore’s law recap

 Computer’s evolution—exponential curve

 Value added
 Financial services
 Health care
 Home electronics
 Data storage
 Wireless communications
 Ultra-portable, toughbook
 Any content, anytime, anywhere, any channel
 ……
 If cars had developed as fast as PCs for the last 20 years,
we could buy a Rolls-Royce at $_______,
or, it could run ___________ Km with 1 liter of gas.
Put pieces together
Computer Program Instruction Execution

 Connect all the pieces together

 Bus – electrical pathway
 All digital data moves from component to component on the bus
 Conducting an instruction
 Control unit fetches next instruction from primary storage
 The control unit decodes the instruction
 The ALU conducts the instruction
Types of Computers
Take-away

 Past…….. John von Neumann architecture

 Today….. Managerial implications of Moore’s law
 Future….. Everything on the Web