Submitted by: Priyanka Mahapatra

Roll no : 04231
INTRODUCTION
Satellite communications has been used not only for
international communications but also has made itself
indispensable for the domestic communication networks of
continental and oceanic countries to connect remote areas
and islands.

It has also become essential when establishing temporary

circuits at the time of major events,and for relaying and
distributing TV programs.
 MULTIPLE ACCESS METHOD
 TDM A: Ti me D ivisi on Mul ti pl e A ccess
Each user is allocated a unique time slot at the satellite
So that signals ass through the transponder sequentially.
Because TDMA causes delays in transmission,it is used
Only with digital signals.

FDMA :Frequency Di vi sion Mul ti pl e Access

All users share the satelite at the same time,but with
transmits unique allocated frequency.FDMA can be
used with analog/digital signals.
  CDMA:Code Division Multiple Access

All users transmit to the satellite on the same frequency and at the same time.

techniques
The centralized are called
network control MF-TDMA.
required for synchronization.In TDMA, but tends to achieve rather
spectral efficiency.

System which combines both FDMA and TDMA techniques are sometimes called MF-TDMA.
 COMPARISION BETWEEN PRESENT SYSTEM
AND CLARKE’S PROPOSAL
In Clarke’s system, there are 3 geostationary satellites
36000 kilometers above the equator composing a global
communication.
 EVOLUTION OF SATELLITE
SYSTEM
 ON-BOARD SWITCHING:

1.Has a total of 6 beams,1 hemi beam and 2 hemi beams each hemisphere.

2.A 6*6 microwave switch namely a simple RF band time- division switching system is present that
carries on-board switching to make connection between all the combination of up-link and down-
link beams.

3.The communication system is called SS-TDMA.

  MULTISPOT BEAM OPERATION:

1.This enables satellites to make multiple use of the same frequency by space division of the
limited frequency band.

2.Earth stations are simplified and become less expensive as the EIRP increases for each beam
coverage.

3.The number of beams is increased and SS-TDMA can’t handle the switching functions.

4.It becomes necessary to provide modulators and demodulators and to process signals as
baseband digital
data on the satellites.
 FUTURE SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
SATELLITE ORIENTED SYSTEM
Its disadvantages:
 Propagation delay due to nature of satellite communications can cause echoes in voice
transmission and reduces data transmission output.

 Circuit troubles due to attenuation by rain in the higher frequency bands can impair the
reliability of the system.

•Its r ecent dev el opm ents

VSAT
DBS
VSAT
 It stands for Very Small Aperture Terminals
 VSAT networks allow multimedia traffic to be brought directly to the end user,but
generally handle only small traffic streams.
 They have become the fastest growing segment of video distribution: the direct-to-
home(DTH)receivers in the direct broadcasting service(DBS) using geostationary
satellites.
DBS
 It stands for direct broadcast satellite.
 Development of low cost Ku-band antennas and receivers, high speed digital
integrated circuits specifically for DBS television that incorporate QPSK modulation,
error control, decryption,and MPEG coding made DS-TV practical.
 Digital DBS-TV transmissions typically use a transmitted rate of 20 Msps using
QPSK,which gives a bit rate of 40 Msps.
 MISSION SUCCESS:INSAT 4CR
The features of INSAT 4CR are

The Satellite is 49m tall, as high as 20 storey building.

It will boost DTH television services, Digital news gathering service(DNGS), VSAT and other
high bit rate data transmission in the country.

Has a mission life of 10 years.

CONCLUSION

It is believed that satellite communication systems will support the individual and
social human activities as part of more complex global social system. And it is
sincerely hoped that satellite communication will thus contribute to the peace,
harmony and prosperity of all mankind in this planet.