15 Feb 2001 Property of R.

Struzak 1
Antenna Fundamentals (1)
Prof. R. Struzak
ryszard.struzak@ties.itu.int
School on Digital and Multimedia Communications Using Terrestrial and Satellite Radio Links
The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics ICTP Trieste (Italy) 12 February 2 March 2001
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 2
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please contact the author at
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15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 3
Summary Slide
Introduction
PFD
Directivity and Gain
EIRP
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 4
Introduction
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 5
Radio Link
Antenna
Transmitter
Antenna
Receiver
Antennas: important elements of any radio link
Radio wave
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 6
Photographs
of
Various Antenna Types
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 7
T-Antenna
Transmitting antenna transforms
power in the form of time-dependent electrical current
into
time-and-space-dependent electro-magnetic (EM)
wave.
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 8
R-Antenna
Receiving antenna transforms
time-and-space-dependent EM wave
into
time-dependent electrical current (power)
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 9
Intended Antennas
Radiocommunication antennas
Transmitting
Receiving
EM applicators
Industrial
Medical
Measuring antennas
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 10
Unintended Antennas
Any conductor/ installation carrying electrical
current
(e.g. electrical installation of vehicles)
Any conducting structure/ installation irradiated by
EM waves
Permanent (e.g. Antenna masts, or power network)
Time-varying (e.g. Windmills, or helicopter propellers)
Transient (e.g. Re-radiating aeroplane)
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 11
PFD
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 12
PFD: Isotropic Radiator
Notes
Loss-less propagation medium
assumed
Isotropic radiator cannot be
physically realized
PFD does not depend on
frequency/ wavelength
2
4 r
P
PFD
T
t
=
r
Power Flux Density (PFD)
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 13
PFD: Distance Dependence
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0.1 1 10
Distance
P
F
D
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 14
PFD: Example 1
What is the PFD from
TV broadcast GEO
satellite at Trieste?
EIRP = 180 kW
(52.5 dB(W))
Distance: ~38'000 km
Free space
) dB(Wm 100
Wm 10 1
10 8 . 1
10 8 . 1
) 10 38 ( 4
10 10 8 . 1
2
2 - 11
16
5
2 6
3 2

=
- =
-
-
~
- - -
- -
=
t
PFD
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 15
PFD: Example 2
What is the PFD
from a hand-held
phone at the head?
EIRP = 180 mW
Distance = ~3.8 cm
Free space
) dB(Wm 10
Wm 10
10 8 . 1
10 8 . 1
) 10 8 . 3 ( 4
10 8 . 1
2 -
2 -
2
1
2 2
1
=
=
-
-
~
- - -
-
=

t
PFD
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 16
PFD: Example 3
What is the ratio of the
powers required to
produce the same
power flux density at a
GEO- satellite and at a
LEO-satellite.?
Distances:
GEO: 38 000 km
LEO: 1 000 km
1444
1000
38000
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
LEO
GEO
GEO
LEO
LEO
GEO
LEO
GEO
P
P
Dist
Dist
P
P
PFD
PFD
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 17
PFD concept
Used often in the management/ regulating the use
of the radio frequency spectrum
To define the restrictions imposed on
radiocommunication systems
To assure electromagnetic compatibility
Relates to the field-strength of plane wave
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 18
PFD Limits
The WRC 2000 decided that the
PFD at the Earths surface
produced by emission from a
space station in Fixed-satellite
service shall not exceed the
limit shown in the figure.
The figure is valid for stations
at the geostationary orbit in
frequency band 10.7-11.7 GHz
and reference band 4 kHz. For
other cases see RR Table S21-4.
-152
-150
-148
-146
-144
-142
-140
-138
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Angle of arrival (above the horizontal plane)
P
F
D

[
d
B
(
W
m
^
2
)
]
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 19
PFD: Real Antenna
PFD produced by physically realizable
antennas depends on
power and distance (as isotropic source)
horizontal direction angle (u)
vertical direction angle ()
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 20
Directivity and Gain
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 21
Radiation Intensity
Radiation intensity = Power
per steradian =
= u(u,) [watts/steradian]
x
y
z
u

OP
Transmitting
antenna
r
Distance (r) is very large
measure of the ability
of an antenna to
concentrate radiated
power in a particular
direction
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 22
Antenna Directivity
D Has no units
Note:
P
0
= power radiated
t
0 0
0
4
) , ( ) , (
) , (
0
P
D
avg
u
=
u
u
=
t
0 0 u
t t
4
intensity radiation Average
sin ) , (
radiated power Total
0
avg
0
2
0
0
P
d d P
= u
u =
} }
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 23
Antenna Gain
The directivity and gain
are measures of the ability
of an antenna to
concentrate power in a
particular direction.
Directivity power
radiated by antenna (P
0
)
Gain power delivered to
antenna (P
T
)
q: radiation efficiency
(50% - 75%)
G has no units
Usually relates to the peak
directivity of the main
radiation lobe
Often expressed in dB
Known as Absolute
Gain or Isotropic Gain
0
) , ( ) , (
P
P
D G
T
=
=
q
0 q 0
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 24
PFD vs. Antenna Gain
S
0
= PFD produced by a loss-less isotropic radiator
0
2
0
2
) , (
4
) , (
) , (
) )( (
) , (
) , (
S G
r
P
G
r r r
S
0
t
0
0
0
0 0
0
=
=
u
=
A A
A A u
=
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 25
Other Definitions of Gain
For practical purposes, the antenna gain is defined as the
ratio (usually in dB), of the power required at the input of a
loss-free reference antenna to the power supplied to the
input of the given antenna to produce, in a given direction,
the same field strength or the same power flux-density at
the same distance.
When not specified otherwise, the gain refers to the
direction of maximum radiation.
The gain may be considered for a specified polarization.
[RR 154]
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 26
Antenna Gain
Actual
antenna
P = Power
Delivered to
the antenna
S = Power
received
at a great
distance
Measuring
equipment
Reference
antenna
P
o
= Power
Delivered to
the antenna
S = Power
received
at a great
distance
Measuring
equipment
Antenna Gain (in the specific direction) = P / P
o
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 27
Reference Antennas
Isotropic radiator
isolated in space (G
i
, absolute gain, or isotropic gain)
Half-wave dipole
isolated in space, whose equatorial plane of symmetry
contains the given direction (G
d
)
Short vertical antenna
(much shorter than /4), close to, and normal to a
perfectly conducting plane which contains the given
direction (G
v
)
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 28
Reference Antennas (1)
Isotropic antenna
Sends (receives) energy
equally in (from) all
directions
Gain = 1 (= 0 dB)
When supplied by P,
produces at distance r power
flux density = P /(4tr
2
)
Theoretical concept, cannot
be physically realized
Radiation pattern
in vertical plane
Radiation pattern
In horizontal plane
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 29
Reference Antennas (2)
Half-Wave Dipole
Linear antenna, realizable
Gain = 1.64 (= 2,15 dB) in
the direction of maximum
radiation
Figure-eight-shaped radiation
pattern in the dipole plane,
omnidirectional (circular) in
the orthogonal plan

Radiation pattern
in vertical plane
Radiation pattern
In horizontal plane
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 30
Typical radiation pattern
Omnidirectional
Broadcasting
Mobile telephony
Pencil-beam
Microwave links
Fan-beam (narrow in one plane, wide in the other)
Shaped-beam
Satellite antennas
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 31
Typical Gain and Beam-width
Type of antenna G
i
[dB] HPBW [
0
]
Isotropic 0 360x360
Dipole 2 360x120
Helix (10 turn) 14 35x35
Small dish 16 30x30
Large dish 45 1x1
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 32
Gain and Beam-width
Gain and beam-width of directive antennas are
inter-related

G ~ 30000 / (u
1
*u
2
)

u
1
and u
2
are the 3-dB beam-widths (in degrees)
in the two orthogonal principal planes of antenna
radiation pattern.
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 33
EIRP
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 34
e.i.r.p.
Equivalent Isotropically Radiated
Power (in a given direction):
The product of the power supplied to the
antenna and the antenna gain relative to
an isotropic antenna in a given direction
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 35
e.i.r.p.: Example 1
PFD = e.i.r.p./(4td
2
)
e.i.r.p. = PFD*(4td
2
)
-160 dB 10
-16
W/(m
2
*4kHz)
d
2
~ 1.29*10
15
m
2
4td
2
~ 4*10
15
m
2

e.i.r.p. ~ 0.4 W/4kHz

What is the maximum
e.i.r.p. of a GEO
satellite station if RR
impose PFD limits of
(-160) dB
(W/(m
2
*4kHz)) at the
earth surface in
Equator (distance
35900 km) ?
15 Feb 2001 Property of R. Struzak 36
e.r.p.
Effective Radiated Power (in a given
direction):
The product of the power supplied to the
antenna and its gain relative to a half-wave
dipole in a given direction