The environment

Environment data requirement

Overview, A knowledge of the winds, waves, currents, tides and
other environmental factor is critical for design of all forms of offshore structure and is particularly important for floating system which often have more complicated dynamic responses than fixed structure.Sebuah pengetahuan tentang angin, gelombang, arus, pasang surut dan faktor lingkungan lainnya adalah penting untuk desain dari semua bentuk struktur lepas pantai dan sangat penting untuk sistem mengambang yang sering memiliki tanggapan dinamis lebih rumit daripada struktur tetap

Construction in sheltered waters, many fixed

and floating offshore structures require to be partly constructed or completed in sheltered deep water.banyak struktur lepas pantai tetap dan mengambang butuhkan untuk menjadi sebagian dibangun atau selesai di air dalam terlindungb

Transportation, Even components for

fixed offshore

 Design criteria, Design criteria for offshore structure fall

into two broad areas. Extreme load cases are selected as severe environmental conditions that the structure or vessel is designed to withstand.

Operating criteria Relevant metocean parameters

Winds Waves Water levels currents Temperatures Ice & snow Marine growth Other meteorogical information Seabed information Salinity

Marine transportation and other opeation afloat

Rules, guidance amd recommended practise

The offshore engineering industry generally has a requirement for a variety of environmental data

 The main features, the climate of a locality is defined as

the synthesis of the day-to-day values of meteorogical elements that affect locality.

The world climate

Large scale weather systems

Temperate latitude depression Monsoons Tropical cyclones Trade winds Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) & the Doldrums

Small scale weather systems

Land & sea breezes Anabatic & katabatic winds Tornados and waterspouts Squalls Local winds around the world, sumatra- squalls from southwest in the malacca straits and along the west coast of malaysia

 The global wind climate

North Atlantic Ocean, temperate latitude depression form at any time of year but are most frequent and intense during the winter months. North Pasific Ocean, temperate latitudes depression form at any time of year but are most frequent and intense during the winter months. North Indian ocean, thenwhole area ecperience a virgorous monsoon climate. Southern Oceans, temperate latitude depressions form at any time of year which together with persistent and strong westerly winds in middle latitudes generate large waves which are experienced as swell over much of the region.

Global wave climate Global current climate Global distribution of sea ice
Northern hemisphere Southern hemisphere

World climate changes

Types of environmental data available

Instrumental measurement
in situ measurement, data derived from such record. remoted sensed measurement, from satellite

Visulal observation (from ships) Hindcast data

wind
Introduction Measurement of wind Atmospheric stability Mean wind speed profile Gusts

 Wind gust spectra Spatial correlation Gust speeds used in static or quasistati analysis Wind environmenyal effect