CHM3010 - Basic Quantum Theory 1 Sem 1 09-10

CHM 3010_Quantum 1 1
CHM 3010
Physical and Inorganic
Chemistry
Lecturers
DR. KAMALIAH SIRAT (COORDINATOR)
DR. HASLINA AHMAD
Pengenalan Diri
DR KAMALIAH SIRAT
E-mail: kamaliah@science.upm.edu.my
Pejabat: BSF 415
No. Tel: 03-89466787

Jika tiada: Tinggalkan pesanan utk temujanji
pada masa lapang saya ikut jadual.
Untuk Setiap Tajuk: 1
Subtajuk B
Belajar
U
Ulang
F
Faham
I
Ingat
L
Latih
M
Mahir
a / / / / / /
b / / / /
c / / /
Sedikit Ilmu Untuk Dikongsi
(Sumber: Dr Salihan Siais)
ASSESSMENT TECHNIQUE
No. Assessment Technique %
1. Final Exam 40
2. Class Exams / Tests 30
3. Oral Presentation/project
4.
Class Participation / SCL
10
5. Lab report / Quizzes 20
100
TESTS/Exams
TEST 1
14
th
October 2011 Wednesday 8.30-10.00 pm
Basic Quantum Chemistry, Periodic Table, Main Group
Elements
TEST 2
18
th
November 2011 Wednesday 8.30 pm
Chemical bonding, Chemical Equilibrium,
Thermodynamic

Final Exam the rest of the topics (and all)

SCL/Class presentation
10 % of total marks
Groups
Topics
Nuclear Chemistry
Gas, liquid and solid
Soft Skill (Kemahiran Insaniah)
You will be evaluated for KI based on some
criteria
Get Your Lab Schedule (kump 2)
Thursday (8-12),
Teaching Lab
MP 8 (Makmal 440) and MP 9 (Makmal 442)
Write down your names when getting the lab schedule
You will be divided into groups for your practical class
Each of you will also be given a partner
Make sure you know which lab you will be in
It is compulsory for all of you to have a lab coat and
a safety glass each
Lab Regulations:
Be on time (5 minutes early no excuse)
Wear your lab coat throughout
Wear covered shoes
Use safety goggles (except those already using
glasses)
Bring your own towel/tissue papers and matches
Keep the lab clean and tidy always
Arrange the stools neatly before leaving the lab
Abide by all the general lab rules and regulations

Listen to and obey your demonstrators
Report Writing:
Page 1:
Name, Matric No., Lab No., Demonstrators Name, Day of Practical, Date of
Practical, Lecture Group, Lecturers Name

Page 2
Course Code and Name,
Title of Experiment
Theory
Materials Used
Procedure in points form
Results / data and Discussion
Conclusion
Suggestions
Answers to questions
References
Experiments and Reports
For most experiments, you will be doing them in
pairs.
Only one ? report is required for each experiment
but the write up should be done alternately between
the partners
You have to come to each practical class, prepared
with the outline of the report to be written and it will
be checked by the demonstrators
You are to finish the report on the same day
You have to be in the lab for three hours.
Try Your Best in Everything You Do
Practicals in the lab
Be serious
Read up before coming to the lab
Prepare the lab report in the proper format in your lab
report book ? including the empty table if required for you
to enter your data
Once you have obtained the data, you write the discussion
and the conclusion.
In case your data are not as expected, you should be able
to explain why.
No copying from previous reports.
Skema Pemarkahan Laporan:

1. Muka surat pertama yang lengkap: 2
2. Tajuk percubaan: 2
3. Tujuan / Objektif: 4
4. Alat/Radas: 5
5. Pengenalan / Teori: 5
6. Bahan Kimia: 7
7. Kaedah: 8
8. Keputusan / data (disemak betul): 12 (+ 5)
9. Pengiraan: 15
10.Perbincangan: 13
11.Langkah berjaga-jaga: 2
12.Kesimpulan: 5
13.Rujukan: 5
14.Soalan: 10
Jumlah: 100

Siapkan rangka laporan sebelum ke kelas amali
References
Reference:
1. Whitten, Davis, Peck and Stanley, General
Chemistry, 7
th
Edition, 2004 (or Same
authors, Chemistry, 8
th
Edition, 2007).
2. Brady and Senese, Chemistry: Matter and
its changes, 4
th
Edition, 2004.
3. Silberberg, Chemistry, 3
rd
Edition, 2003.
Introduction
Philosophy
Art
Science
Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology
Analytical Physical Inorganic Organic
Physical and Inorganic Chemistry : CHM 3010
From Atom to ..
Element - symbol
Ions - symbol, charge
Molecule - formula (correct ratio)
Mixture - composition, separation
Compound - composition, analysis
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Reaction stoichiometry, balanced equation
General Features of the Atom
Properties of the Three Key Subatomic Particles
Charge Mass
Relative
1+
0
1-
Absolute(C)*
+1.60218x10
-19

0
-1.60218x10
-19

Relative(amu)

1.00727
1.00866
0.00054858
Absolute(g)
1.67262x10
-
24
1.67493x10
-24
9.10939x10
-28
Location
in the Atom
Nucleus
Outside
Nucleus
Nucleus
Name(Symbol)
Electron (e
-
)
Neutron (n
0
)
Proton (p
+
)
Electron
Outside the nucleus
Negatively charged
Particle
Wave
Involved in most reactions
Electron transfer
Electron sharing

Basic Quantum Theory 1
Learning Outcomes: By the end of each of these topics
the students should be able to:
Basic experiments of quantum theory
1. Relate atomic emission and absorption spectra to important
advances in atomic theory.
2. Describe wave nature of electron
3. Describe the main features of the quantum mechanical picture of
the atom.
Electronic structure
4. Describe the four quantum numbers, and give possible
combinations of their values for specific atomic orbitals
Orbital concepts, Geometry of electron clouds and Heisenbergs
uncertainty principle
5. Describe the shapes of orbitals and recall the usual order of their
relative energies
Aufbau principle, Paulis exclusion principle, Hunds rule and
electron configuration
6. Write the electron configurations of atoms
7. Relate the electron configuration of an atom to its position in the
periodic table

Chapter Goals (Whitten: Chapter 5)
The Electronic Structures of Atoms
10. Electromagnetic radiation
11. The Photoelectric Effect
12. Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom
13. The Wave Nature of the Electron
14. The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the
Atom
Chapter Goals (Whitten: Chapter 5)
15. Quantum Numbers
16. Atomic Orbitals
17. Electron Configurations
18. Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
19. The Periodic Table and Electron
Configurations

Throughout your study of the lecture, keep in mind
the following objectives, that you should be able to:
+ describe the properties of light
+ explain how the light emitted by an atom when it is excited
+ explain how the theoretical model of the electronic structure of
the atom developed
+ Explain the relationship between the quantum numbers and the
energies of the electron waves in an atom
+ Give the symbols and allowed values for the three quantum
numbers n, l, m
l
, s
+ Recognise and draw the shapes of the different orbitals
+ Write the electronic configuration of elemental species (atoms,
ions)
Perform the calculations involved.
Modern Atomic Theory
ATOM = nucleus (proton and neutron) and electron

For more than 3 centuries:
to prove the presence of electron and nucleus

Theory of Classical Physics
+ Mechanics + Optics
+ Electricity + Magnetic
Quantum Mechanics
Atom
Molecular Structure
Chemical Bonding
The Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom
By the late 1800s it was clear that classical physics was incapable
of describing atoms and molecules
Experiments showed that electrons acted like tiny charged
particles in some experiments and waves in others

The physics that describes object with wave/particle
duality is called quantum mechanics or quantum
theory
Energy can be transferred between things as light or radiation
Radiation carries energy through space as waves or oscillations moving
outward from a disturbance

Electromagnetic radiation
Can you recall what is meant by
Electromagnetic Radiation ?
Electromagnetic radiation
A form of energy transferred through vacuum or medium (such
as air or glass) by means of wavelike oscillations of electric and
magnetic field.
Electromagnetic waves (radiation) may be characterized by
their height or amplitude and
the number that occur per second or frequency (v)
The units of frequency are the hertz (Hz)

The peak-to-peak distance is called the wavelength,

A
) second /( 1 s / 1 s 1 Hz 1
-1
= = =

Frequency and Wavelength
c = v
Distinction Between
Energy and Matter
Electromagnetic Radiation
The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation has the
symbol .
Wavelength is the distance from the top (crest) of one wave
to the top of the next wave.
Measured in units of distance such as m,cm, .
1 = 1 x 10
-10
m = 1 x 10
-8
cm

The frequency of electromagnetic radiation has the symbol
u.
Frequency is the number of crests or troughs that pass a
given point per second.

Measured in units of 1/time - s
-1
) second /( 1 s / 1 s 1 Hz 1
-1
= = =
is inversely proportional to v. Multiplication of
and v is the radiation speed (speed of light).
v = c (2.998 X 10
8
m s
-1
in vacuum)
Units: (m or nm); v [number of oscillation per
second (Hz or s
-1
)]
Electromagnetic Spectrum
The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation range between 10
-14
m
to 10
2
m.
V
i
o
l
e
t

I
n
d
i
g
o

B
l
u
e

G
r
e
e
n

Y
e
l
l
o
w

O
r
a
n
g
e

R
e
d

G
a
m
m
a

r
a
y

<

3

p
m

X
-
r
a
y

3

p
m

2
0

n
m

U
l
t
r
a

v
i
o
l
e
t

2
0
-
4
0
0

n
m

V
i
s
i
b
l
e

4
0
0

7
5
0

n
m

I
n
f
r
a
r
e
d

7
5
0

n
m

3

m
m

M
i
c
r
o

w
a
v
e

3

m
m

3
0

c
m

R
a
d
i
o

w
a
v
e

>

3
0

c
m

Frequency increases
Wavelength increases
Example 1:
X-ray emitted by Cu is measured as having 1.54 10
-10
m.
What is the frequency for this radiation?
What is the frequency for yellow radiation (wavelength
of 625 nm)?
The radio frequency of Light & Easy which is
broadcasted from Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur through its
FM signal at 105.7 kHz.
What is the wavelength of the radio waves expressed in
meter?
Example 2
Whitten 5-5:
What is the frequency of green light of
wavelength 5200 ?
m 10 5.200
1
m 10 x 1
) (5200
c
c
7 -
10 -
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
v v
1 - 14
7 -
8
s 10 5.77
m 10 5.200
m/s 10 3.00

=
=
v
v
c = v
1 = ? m
Exercise 1-1
SOLUTION:
PLAN:
Interconverting Wavelength and Frequency
PROBLEM: A dental hygienist uses x-rays (l= 1.00) to take a series of dental
radiographs while the patient listens to a radio station (l = 325cm)
and looks out the window at the blue sky (l= 473nm).
What is the frequency (in s
-1
) of the electromagnetic radiation from
each source? (Assume that the radiation travels at the speed of
light, 3.00x10
8
m/s.)
wavelength in units given
wavelength in m
frequency (s
-1
or Hz)
1 = 10
-10
m
1cm = 10
-2
m
1nm = 10
-9
m
v = c/
Use c = v
1.00A
325cm
473nm
10
-10
m
1
10
-2
m
1cm
10
-9
m
1nm
= 1.00x10
-10
m
= 325x10
-2
m
= 473x10
-9
m
v =
3x10
8
m/s
1.00x10
-10
m
= 3x10
18
s
-1

v =
v =
3x10
8
m/s
325x10
-2
m
= 9.23x10
7
s
-1

3x10
8
m/s
473x10
-9
m
= 6.34x10
14
s
-1

Experiments
Theories
Figure 7.5
The diffraction pattern caused by light passing through two adjacent slits.
Indicates the wavelike nature of electromagnetic radiation
Quanta of Energy
Black body radiation
Max Planck 1900, experiment:
heating porous solid sphere,
radiation emitted from dark part inside the solid.
color of radiation changed from red to yellow finally white
depending on heating temperature.
He suggested that the energy of the emitted light is
discontinuous and composed of tiny discrete packets
called quanta.
This was later called photon by Einstein.
Black body radiation (Planck) and photoelectric effect
(Einstein) indicate that the electromagnetic radiation
is particle-like.
Black body experiment by Planck:
electromagnetic radiation could be viewed as a stream of tiny
energy packets or quanta we now call photons
To explain the energy spectrum it had to be assumed
that:
1. energy is quantized
2. light has particle character

Plancks equation:
Energy
s J 10 x 6.626 constant s Planck h
hc
or E h E
34 -
= =
= =
v
E = hv
v = frequency for light
Figure 7.6
Blackbody Radiation
AE = h v
Photoelectric effect

Einstein observed ejection of electron when a metal
surface was subjected to light radiation. Electron was
ejected only when the radiation energy exceed certain
threshold value. The energy of a photon is proportional
to its frequency. Photon was absorbed by the electron in
the metal only when the radiation frequency exceed
certain value.
v threshold frequency

The Photoelectric Effect
Light can strike the surface of some metals
causing an electron to be ejected.

Albert Einstein (1905)

Einstein confirmed, that the energy of a photon is
proportional to its frequency and having the speed of light

+ both electrons and electromagnetic radiation can be
represented as either waves or particles

+ excited atoms can emit light

+ frequency intensity energy
E = mc
2
The Photoelectric Effect
What are some practical uses of the photoelectric
effect?
Electronic door openers
Light switches for street lights
Exposure meters for cameras

Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric effect
Explanation involved light having particle-like behavior.
Einstein won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
Energy of electromagnetic radiation
Energy of a photon = hv

Where h is proportionality constant known as Plancks constant (h =

6.63 X 10
-34
J s)

Thus energy
E = nhv where n = 1, 2, 3, ..integer.

Vibrated atom has energy of hv, 2hv, 3hv, , nhv. n is called quantum
number.
When atom lost energy, a quantum of energy is released in form light.
2hv
3hv
hv
Whitten 5-6: What is the energy of a photon of
green light with wavelength 5200 ? What is the
energy of 1.00 mol of these photons?
photon per J 10 3.83 E
) s 10 s)(5.77 J 10 (6.626 E
h E
s 10 x 5.77 that know we 5, - 5 Example From
19 -
1 - 14 34 -
-1 14
=
=
=
=
v
v
kJ/mol 231 photon) per J 10 .83 photons)(3 10 (6.022
: photons of mol 1.00 For
19 - 23
=
Exercise 1-2
Electromagnetic Radiation and Motion
Molecules interact with electromagnetic
radiation.
Molecules can absorb and emit light.
Once a molecule has absorbed light
(energy), the molecule can:
1. Rotate
2. Translate
3. Vibrate
4. Undergo Electronic transition
Describe the
Actions
For water:
Rotations occur in the microwave portion of spectrum.
Vibrations occur in the infrared portion of spectrum.
Translation occurs across the spectrum.
Electronic transitions occur in the ultraviolet portion of
spectrum.
Which movement requires the greatest
energy? Why do you say so?
The atomic spectrum or emission spectrum
is a series of individual lines called a line
spectrum

Atomic Spectra
Electric current excites & gives E to e
-

Atoms emit energy, as e
-
return to
lower E state
Emission and absorption
spectra of sodium atoms
Flame
tests
strontium
38
Sr copper
29
Cu
Relate to Lamps Normally
Found in Everyday Life

Neon
Sodium
Fluorescence
The atomic spectrum or emission
spectrum is a series of individual lines
called a line spectrum

Atomic spectra are unique for each
element
Light emitted by
excited atoms is
comprised of a
few narrow beams
with frequencies
characteristic of
the element.
Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom
An absorption spectrum is formed by
shining a beam of white light through a sample
of gas.
Absorption spectra indicate the wavelengths of light
that have been absorbed.
Atomic and molecular spectra are
important indicators of the underlying
structure of the species.
In the early 20
th
century several eminent
scientists began to understand this
underlying structure.
Included in this list are:
Niels Bohr
Erwin Schrodinger
Werner Heisenberg
Every element has a unique spectrum.
Thus we can use spectra to identify
elements.
This can be done in the lab, stars, fireworks, etc.
Early atomic theory
Rutherford, 1919:

nucleus of an atom contain particles with positive charge.
However he did not indicate how electron is arranged around
the atom. According to classical physics if e
-
(-ve) is
motionless it will be easily attracted to the nucleus (+ve).
And if the e
-
is continuously circulating the nucleus it will
lose its energy and eventually spirally approach the nucleus.
Thus, based on Rutherfords theory, the stability of atom is
unexplained.
-
+
Rydberg Equation

+ The Rydberg equation is an empirical equation that relates the
wavelengths of the lines in the hydrogen spectrum
(can be used to calculate all the spectral lines of hydrogen)
+ Atomic line spectra tell us that when an excited atom loses energy,
not just any arbitrary amount can be lost

+ This is possible if the electron is restricted to certain energy levels
+ The energy of the electron is said to be quantized
= R
H
Rydberg equation -
1

1
n
2
2

1
n
1
2

n
2
> n
1
, (n refers to the numbers of the energy levels in the emission spectrum
of hydrogen R
H
is the Rydberg constant = 1.097 x 10
7
m
-1
or 109,678 cm
-1

Energy & frequency, never more & never less
Figure 7.9
Three series of spectral lines of atomic hydrogen
for the visible series, n
1
= 2 and n
2
= 3, 4, 5, ...
J 10 18 . 2
18
2
2
2
4 2
2 2 2
4 2
= =
= =
h
me
n
b
h n
me
b
E
t
t
+ The first theoretical model that successfully accounted
for the Rydberg equation was proposed in 1913 by Niels
Bohr

+ Bohr proposed that electrons move around the nucleus along
fixed paths or orbits much like the planets moving around the sun
+ The orbits, labeled with the integer n, have energy
+ This equation allows the calculation of the energy of any orbit

Bohrs Atomic Model
Quantum staircase
Continuous (a) and discrete (b) potential energy of a tortoise.
The potential energy of the tortoise in (b) is quantized.
Bohr Atomic Model
In 1913 Neils Bohr incorporated Plancks
quantum theory into the hydrogen spectrum
explanation.
Here are the postulates of Bohrs theory.
1. Atom has a number of definite and discrete
energy levels (orbits) in which an electron
may exist without emitting or absorbing
electromagnetic radiation.
As the orbital radius increases so does the energy
1<2<3<4<5......
postulates of Bohrs theory.
2. An electron may move from one discrete
energy level (orbit) to another, but, in so
doing, monochromatic radiation is emitted
or absorbed in accordance with the
following equation.

E E
hc
h E E - E
1 2
1 2
>
= = A =
v
Energy is absorbed when electrons jump to higher orbits.
n = 2 to n = 4 for example
Energy is emitted when electrons fall to lower orbits.
n = 4 to n = 1 for example

postulates of Bohrs theory.
3. An electron moves in a circular orbit about
the nucleus and it motion is governed by
the ordinary laws of mechanics and
electrostatics, with the restriction that the
angular momentum of the electron is
quantized (can only have certain discrete
values).
angular momentum = mvr = nh/2t
h = Plancks constant n = 1,2,3,4,...(energy levels)
v = velocity of electron m = mass of electron
r = radius of orbit
Bohrs atomic model
Bohr likened e around the nucleus as planet circling the sun. Electron
moves along fixed path called orbit.
+
n=1
n=3
n=2
absorption
emission
Cross section of H atom. Nucleus at
the centre and electron occupies the
orbit with lowest energy (n=1 for H
atom). Electron is excited to a higher
level when energy is absorbed. The
higher levels are unstable and e drop
to lower levels and energy is released
in form of light emission.
Bohr predicted the radius of each orbit as:

r
n
= n
2
a
o
where a
o
= 0.53 (53 pm)
(Bohr radius)
The series of spectral lines of atomic hydrogen
for the visible series in hydrogen spectrum
Lyman n
1
= 1 n
2
= 2,3,4,,
Balmer n
1
= 2 n
2
= 3,4,5,,
Paschen n
1
= 3 n
2
= 4,5,6,,
Brackett n
1
= 4 n
2
= 5,6,7,,
Pfund n
1
= 5 n
2
= 6,7,8,,
Figure 7.11
The Bohr explanation of the three series of spectral lines.
Atomic Hydrogen Spectrum
Example
Measure the wavelength of the third line in Brackett series for atomic
hydrogen spectrum?
n
1
= 4, n
2
= 4 + 3
Answer : = 2166.12 nm
Balmer, n
1
= 2
1 = R
H
1 - 1 R
H
= 109 678 cm
-1

2
2
n
2
2

n
2
= 3, = 656.4 nm
n
2
= 4, = 486.3 nm
n
2
= 5, = 432.4 nm
Whitten 5-7: An orange line of wavelength
5890 is observed in the emission spectrum
of sodium. What is the energy of one photon
of this orange light?

Lets do it !
Exercise 1-3
( )( )
J 10 375 . 3
m 10 890 . 5
m/s 10 00 . 3 s J 10 626 . 6
hc
h E
m 10 890 . 5
m 10 1
5890
19
7
8 34
7
-10

=
= =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
m 10 890 . 5
m 10 1
5890
7
-10
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
hc
h E
m 10 890 . 5
m 10 1
5890
7
-10
= =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
( )( )
m 10 890 . 5
m/s 10 00 . 3 s J 10 626 . 6
hc
h E
m 10 890 . 5
m 10 1
5890
7
8 34
7
-10

=
= =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
Example 5-8. What is the wavelength of light
emitted when the hydrogen atoms energy
changes from n = 4 to n = 2?
Exercise 1-4
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
16
1
4
1
m 10 1.097
1
4
1
2
1
m 10 1.097
1

n
1
n
1
R
1
2 n and 4 n
1 - 7
2 2
1 - 7
2
2
2
1
1 2
( )
( )
m 10 4.862
m 10 2.057
1
1875 . 0 m 10 1.097
1
0625 . 0 250 . 0 m 10 1.097
1
7 -
1 - 6
1 - 7
1 - 7
=
=
=
=
Notice that the wavelength calculated from
the Rydberg equation matches the wavelength
of the green colored line in the H spectrum.
Light of a characteristic wavelength (and
frequency) is emitted when electrons move
from higher E (orbit, n = 4) to lower E (orbit,
n = 1).
This is the origin of emission spectra.
Light of a characteristic wavelength (and
frequency) is absorbed when electron jumps from
lower E (orbit, n = 2) to higher E (orbit, n= 4)
This is the origin of absorption spectra.
A
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n

E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

Success
confirmed the Rydberg equation
correctly explains the H emission spectrum (able to explain
the line spectrum of hydrogen atom and other ionic species
(such as He
+
, Li
2+
, Be
3+
,) with one electron.)
Bohr has introduced the concept of quantum numbers and
fixed energy levels which are important step forward in atomic
theory.
made significant contribution to the development of the
atomic theory (basis for the Modern Atomic Theory)
introduction to the mechanic quantum (integer)
Bohrs Atomic Theory
Limitations

not able to account for atoms with more than
one electron and all attempt to modify it fail
(not an adequate theory)
Line spectrum
White light from a tungsten filament is passed through prism, it gives
continuous spectrum of colors (rainbow). However when a gas is heated, a
line spectrum is obtained which composed of lines of certain colors
(wavelength). For example when hydrogen gas is heated several lines in
visible range i.e. red, blue, green and violet are observed.

Balmer showed that in this range

Where n is integer

1
2 2
7
1
2
1
10 097 . 1
1
= m
n

The lowest energy state of an atom is
called the ground state (an electron with
n = 1 for a hydrogen atom)
Absorption and emission
of energy by the hydrogen
atom. An electron that
absorbs energy is raised to
a higher energy level. A
particular frequency of
light is emitted when an
electron falls to a lower
energy level.
An electron that escapes from the
nucleus has infinity for its quantum number
and zero energy
Bohrs (theoretical) equation explains the
(empirical) Rydberg equation
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 1
or
with
) (
h l
h l
l h
n n
hc
b
l h
n n
n
b
n
b
l h
hc
n n b
E E E
= =
> =
= = A

The combination of constants, b/hc, has a
value which differs from the experimentally
derived value of R
H
by only 0.05%
Bohrs efforts to develop a general theory
of electronic structure was doomed by the
wave/particle duality of electrons
De Broglie suggested that the wavelength
of a particle of mass m moving at speed v
is
mv
h
=
This relation provides the link between the
description as a particle and as a wave
Heavy objects have very short
wavelengths so their matter waves and the
wave properties go unnoticed
Tiny particles with small masses have
long wavelengths so their wave
properties are an important part of their
behavior
Waves combine in two ways
End of Particle Theory of
Electron

Wave Theory of Electron
CLASSICAL THEORY
Matter
particulate,
massive
Energy
continuous,
wavelike
Since matter is discontinuous and particulate
perhaps energy is discontinuous and particulate.
Observation Theory
Planck: Energy is quantized; only certain values
allowed
blackbody radiation
Einstein: Light has particulate behavior (photons) photoelectric effect
Bohr: Energy of atoms is quantized; photon
emitted when electron changes orbit.
atomic line spectra
Figure 7.15
Summary of the major observations
and theories leading from classical
theory to quantum theory.
Since energy is wavelike perhaps matter is wavelike
Observation Theory
deBroglie: All matter travels in waves; energy of
atom is quantized due to wave motion of
electrons
Davisson/Germer:
electron diffraction
by metal crystal
Since matter has mass perhaps energy has mass
Observation Theory
Einstein/deBroglie: Mass and energy are
equivalent; particles have wavelength and
photons have momentum.
Compton: photon
wavelength increases
(momentumdecreases)
after colliding with
electron
Figure 7.15 continued
QUANTUM THEORY
Energy same as Matter
particulate, massive, wavelike

CHM3010 - Basic Quantum Theory 1 Sem 1 09-10

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