Hybrid electric vehicle

PRESENTED BY

Satish Verma

INTROUCTION
Have you pulled your car up to the gas pump lately and been shocked by the high price of gasoline? As the pump clicked past $20 or $30, maybe you thought about trading in that SUV for something that gets better mileage. Or maybe you are worried that your car is contributing to the greenhouse effect. Or maybe you just want to have the coolest car on the block. Currently, there is a solution for all this problems; it's the hybrid electric vehicle. The vehicle is lighter and roomier than a purely electric vehicle, because there is less need to carry as many heavy batteries. The internal combustion engine in hybrid-electric is much smaller and lighter and more efficient than the engine in a conventional vehicle. In fact, most automobile manufacturers have announced plans to manufacture their own hybrid versions.

How does a hybrid car work?

Hybrid-electric vehicles (HEVs) combine the benefits of gasoline engines and electric motors and can be configured to obtain different objectives, such as improved fuel economy, increased power, or additional auxiliary power for electronic devices and power tools.

What goes on under the hood to give you 20 or 30 more miles per gallon than the standard automobile? And does it pollute less just because it gets better gas mileage.

Technology

The varieties of hybrid electric designs can be differentiated by the structure of the hybrid vehicle drivetrain, the fuel type, and the mode of operation.

Some of the advanced technologies typically used by hybrids include

Regenerative Braking. The electric motor applies resistance to the drivetrain causing the wheels to slow down. In return, the energy from the wheels turns the motor, which functions as a generator, converting energy normally wasted during coasting and braking into electricity, which is stored in a battery until needed by the electric motor. Electric Motor Drive/Assist. The electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine in accelerating, passing, or hill climbing. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. In some vehicles, the motor alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. Automatic Start/Shutoff. Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed. This prevents wasted energy from idling.

Engines and fuel sources

Fossil fuels Gasoline

Electric machines
Diesel Biofuels

Environmental impact
Fuel efficiency

Current HEVs reduce petroleum consumption under certain circumstances, compared to otherwise similar conventional vehicles, primarily by using three mechanisms Reducing wasted energy during idle/low output, generally by turning the ICE off Recapturing waste energy (i.e. regenerative braking) Reducing the size and power of the ICE, and hence inefficiencies from under-utilization, by using the added power from the electric motor to compensate for the loss in peak power output from the smaller ICE.

Noise
Reduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the electric motor at idling and low speeds, leading to roadway noise reduction, in comparison to conventional gasoline or diesel powered engine vehicles, resulting in beneficial noise health effects (although road noise from tires and wind, the loudest noises at highway speeds from the interior of most vehicles, are not affected by the hybrid design alone).

Pollution
Reduced air pollution emissions, due to lower fuel consumption, lead improved human health with regard to respiratory problems and other illnesses. Pollution reduction in urban environments may be particularly significant due to elimination of idle-at-rest Battery toxicity is a concern, although today's hybrids use NiMH batteries, not the environmentally problematic rechargeable nickel cadmium. "Nickel metal hydride batteries are benign. They can be fully recycled," says Ron Cogan, editor of the Green Car Journal Toyota and Honda say that they will recycle dead batteries and ach battery to help ensure that it will be properly recycled.

Top national markets for hybrid electric vehicles in

2009
Rank 1 2 Nation United States Japan Number of registered hybrids 279,847 77,937 Percent of global hybrid registrations 62% 17%

3
4 5

Canada
United Kingdom Netherlands Top 5 World

17,911
14,137 11,080 400,912 449,626

4%
3% 2% 89% 100%

Top national markets for hybrid electric vehicles between 2007 and 2009] Percent of Number of global registered hybrid hybrids registratio 2009 ns 2009 334,000 290,271 16,167 45% 39% 2% Percent of Number of global registered hybrid hybrids registratio 2008 ns 2008 94,259 312,209 15,385 11,814 18% 61% 3% 2% Percent of Number of global registered hybrid hybrids registratio 2007 ns 2007 69,015 350,289 14,828 n.a.(2) 14% 70% 3% -

Rank

Country

1 2 3 4

Japan United States Canada

Netherlan 13,686 ds
United Kingdom 13,661 -

5 Top 5

19,963 453,630

4% 89%

15,968 457,615

3% 91%

World

740,000

511,758

500,405

Notes: (1) Cumulative sales until November 2009 only. (2) For year 2007 Netherlands was not among the top 5 world markets. Germany, with 7,515 hybrids sold, was the fifth country in the rank.

Hybrid cars carry with them a bundle of advantages.

* Hybrids are reliable and comfortable as any traditional car and they have a tax benefits(only till 2006).

* There are purchase incentives for Hybrid vehicle owners (varies by state).

* Thanks to the ever improving technology, hybrids perform at par with the normal ga-powered vehicles, if not better.

* Hybrids are much cleaner cars than normal vehicles with lesser CO and other greenhouse gas emissions.

* Hybrids provide a better mileage.

* The future for hybrids looks bright with rapid developments in hybrid technology to improve engine efficiency.

* Due to the Regenerative Braking technology, the batteries need not be charged by an external source.

* Special warranties are provided for the battery pack, the electric motor other costly items.

* Hybrids help reduce the dependency on fossil fuels which directly affects fuel prices.

 The hybrid vehicle has also become a symbol of social status. The biodiesel vehicle offers the consumer the unique opportunity to fuel his/her car with an alternative to petroleum. Hybrid cars are good for the environment. Hybrid cars are the cars, which run on at-least one alternate source of energy and gasoline. These cars are economical in medium and long run than normal gasoline cars. Hybrid cars are one among the promising types of new generation cars.

Hybrid cars are more reliable than electric cars from what we are seeing to date and they have gasoline as an alternate fuel.
Hybrid cars are currently more expensive to buy than conventional cars. These cars are also known to emit far lower levels of pollutants in the air