Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
8e
By Charles W.L. Hill
Chapter 3
Differences in Culture
What Is Culture?
Culture is a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living
values are abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable norms are the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior in particular situations
Society refers to a group of people who share a common set of values and norms
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But, individualism creates a lack of company loyalty and failure to gain company specific knowledge
competition between individuals instead of team building less ability to develop a strong network of contacts within a firm
Copyright 2011 McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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But, the primacy of the value of group might also suppress individual creativity and initiative
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Confucianism is not a religion, but influences behavior and shapes culture in many parts of Asia
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World Religions
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What Is Christianity?
The largest religion in the world
20% of the worlds people identified as Christians
Found throughout Europe, the Americas, and other countries settled by Europeans The three main branches of Christianity: Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant the latter has the most important economic implications
the Protestant work ethic (Max Weber, 1804) hard work, wealth creation, and frugality is the driving force of capitalism
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What Is Islam?
The worlds second largest religion, with about 1 billion adherents
The central principle of Islam is that there is but one true omnipotent of God; people do not own property, but only act as stewards for God Teaching peace, justice, and tolerance supportive of business, but the way business is practiced is prescribed Islamic fundamentalists have gained political power in many Muslim countries and blame the West for many social problems; they are associated in the Western media with militants, terrorists, and violent upheavals
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What Is Hinduism?
Hinduism
practiced primarily on the Indian sub-continent focuses on the importance of achieving spiritual growth and development and believes that a moral force requires the acceptance of certain responsibilities, called dharma Hindus are valued by their spiritual rather than material achievements Hindu cultures reverence for the cow promotion and adding new responsibilities may not be important, or may be infeasible due to the employee's caste
Copyright 2011 McGraw-Hill/Irwin
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What Is Buddhism?
Buddhism
has about 350 millions followers stresses spiritual growth and the afterlife, rather than achievement while in this world does not emphasize wealth creation entrepreneurial behavior is not stressed does not support the caste system, individuals do have some mobility and can work with individuals from different classes
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What Is Confucianism?
Confucianism
ideology practiced mainly in China, Korea, and Japan teaches the importance of attaining personal salvation through right action high morals, ethical conduct, and loyalty to others are stressed three key teachings of Confucianism - loyalty, reciprocal obligations, and honesty - may all lead to a lowering of the cost of doing business in Confucian societies
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Review Questions
1. Abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable are called ___________. 2. The basic social organization of a society is its ___________. 3. The group is the primary unit of social organization in ___________.
a) Japan c) Switzerland b) the United States d) Mexico
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Review Questions
4. Which of the following is not characteristic of individualism?
a) individual achievement b) low managerial mobility c) low company loyalty d) entrepreneurial behavior
5. Which religion promotes the notion that a moral force in society requires the acceptance of certain responsibilities called dharma?
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Review Questions
6. The most widely spoken language in the world is ___________. 7. _________ focuses on how society deals with the fact that people are unequal in physical and intellectual capabilities. 8. Which refers to nonverbal communication such as facial expressions, personal space, and hand gestures?
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