PROJECT GUIDE

Mr. R. RAMESH, Ass.pro.,

In GSM 900 The uplink frequency is 890 915 MHz The downlink frequency is 935 960 MHz So the Band width is 25 MHz for GSM 900.

Interference is the major limiting factor in the performance of the cellular radio systems.
There are 2 types of interference in the GSM, they are

Adjacent Channel Interference Co-Channel Interference

The interference resulting from signals which are adjacent in frequency to the desired signal is called adjacent channel interference.

It can be minimized through careful filtering and channel assignments.

Frequency reuse implies that in a given coverage area there are several cells that use the same set of frequencies.

These cells are called co-channel cells, and the

interference between signals from these cells is called

co-channel interference.

To reduce co-channel interference, co-channel cells must be physically separated by a minimum distance to provide sufficient isolation due to propagation.

4 SITE / 3 CARRIER

The Service provider transmitting the signals.

use

30

channels

for

In that 12 channels used for the frequency allocation. The remaining 18 channels used for frequency hopping.

The frequency of the carrier hops randomly from one frequency to the next frequency, then it is frequency hopping .

Though frequency varies according to the carrier frequency the source signal can attenuate more and cannot be hacked

The frequency hopping also reduces the effects of cochannel interference.

Multiple access schemes are used to allow many mobile

users to share simultaneously a finite amount of radio

spectrum.

Types of Multiple Access :

Frequency

Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Time
Code

Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

The most important component of DTX is Voice Activity Detection. It must distinguish between voice and noise inputs.

Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a method that takes

advantage of the fact that a person speaks less than 40

percent of the time in normal conversation, by turning the transmitter off during silence periods.

An added benefit of DTX is that power is conserved at the mobile unit.

The process of automatically switching a call in progress from one traffic channel to another to neutralize the adverse effects of the user movements.

There are three types of Hand Over,

they are:

Hard handover Soft handover Softer handover

Distance between the MS and BTS becomes too

big.

If the received signal level is very low. If the received signal quality is very low. Path loss situation for the mobile station to another

cell is better.

To improve the quality of the received signal, often two receiving antennas are used, placed at an equal distance.

This technique, known as antenna diversity or space

diversity, avoids interruption caused by path fading.

Two types of antennas are used,

1. Directional Antenna 2. Omni Directional Antenna

It is nothing but to couple the received signal from the user and transmit signal to the user.

It consists of two blocks,

Combiner Splitter

Combiner used to combine the transmitted signal

Splitter used to split the received signal according with

user.

Transceiver means both transmission and reception.

In the case of transmission the power amplifier is used,

* CLASS C (RF amplifier) is used

* power level is 30W

In the case of reception the low noise amplifier(LNA) is used, * Class A is used

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