OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER

(OP AMP )
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1. Introduction
2. Understand the general Op-amp circuit
design
Components inside an op.amp.
Characteristics of an op.amp.
Circuit symbol and pin configuration
Top view
Pin-out configuration
Block diagram an op-amp
differential amplifier
more stages of gain amplifier
push-pull amplifier


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3. Understand the differential amplifier
4. Understand more stages of gain amplifier
5. Understand the push pull amplifier
6. Understand the ideal operational amplifier
7. Understand the op-amp configurations
Inverting amplifier
Non inverting amplifier
Summing amplifier
Subtractor
Differentiator amplifier
Integrator amplifier
Comparator
OP - AMP is a solid state device capable of
sensing and amplifying dc and ac input signals.


OP AMP is an amplifier with two inputs
(Differential inputs) and a single output.




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OP AMP consists of 20 transistors 11 resistors
and 1 capacitor.

OP - AMP requires a positive and negative power
supply( Dual power supply ).

This allows the output voltage to swing positive
and negative with respect to ground.



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Op Amp Internal Circuit Diagram
1. VERY HIGH INPUT RESISTANCE OR EVEN
INFINITY WHICH PRODUCES NEGLIGIBLE
CURRENT AT THE INPUT.

2. VERY HIGH CURRENT GAIN.

3. VERY LOW OUTPUT IMPEDANCE OR EVEN
ZERO,SO AS NOT TO AFFECT THE OUTPUT
OF THE AMPLIFIER BY LOADING.

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Block Diagram (Op Amp)
Internally, the typical Op-Amp has a
differential input, a voltage amplifier and a
push pull output.
An OP AMP is so named, because it was
originally designed to perform mathematical
operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, integration,
differentiation etc in analog computer.

Nowadays OP - AMPs are used in analog
computer operations and in timing circuits.
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The Op Amp is represented by a triangular
symbol .





It has two input and one output terminals.


CIRCUIT SYMBOL AND PIN-OUT CONFIGURATION
12
-
+
Inverting Input
Noninverting Input
Output
Positive dc
power supply
Negative dc
power supply
The terminal with negative sign (-) is called
inverting input.

The terminal with positive sign (+) is called
non inverting input.

The input terminals are at the base and the
output is at the apex of the triangular
symbol.

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The widely used and most popular type is
Op Amp IC 741.

The top pin on the left side of the notch is
pin 1.

The pin number 2 is inverting input and pin
number 3 is non-inverting input terminal.


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The pin number 6 is the output terminal.

A dc voltage or ac signal connected to pin
2 will be 180
o
out of phase at the output.

A dc voltage or ac signal connected to pin
3 will be in phase at the output.

Pin 4(-) and 7(+) are the power supply
terminals.




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The pin 1 and 5 are Null adjustment pins.

Null adjustment pins are used to null the
output voltage , when equal voltages are
input terminals for perfect balance.

Pin number 8 indicates No connection.


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TOP VIEW OF 8 PIN DIP
Notch
18
OP AMP Pin- out configuration
19
A single package will often contain several
op-amps
There are 2 types of application in op-amp
Linear application
Non-linear application
Linear application is where the op-amp operate in
linear region:
Assumptions in linear application:
Input current, I
i
= 0
Input voltage: V
+
=V
-
Feedback at the inverting input
Application in op-amp
Non-linear application is where the op-amp operate in
non-linear region
By comparing these two input voltages: positive input
voltages, V
+
and negative input voltage, V
-
where:
V
O
= V
CC
if V
+
> V
-

V
O
= -V
EE
if V
+
< V
-

Input current, I
i
= 0

Application in op-amp
Comparator (Pembanding)
Inverter (Penukar)
Audio amplifier (Penguat Audio)
Difference Amplifier (Penguat Beza)
Filter (Penapis)
Summing Amplifier (Penguat Jumlahan)
Application in op-amp
Inverting Amplifier
Non-Inverting Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
Unity Follower
Difference Amplifier
Integrators
Differentiators


Op-amp Circuit Application
V
o
= A(V
+
- V

)
V
o
/A = V
+
- V

Let A --- infinity
then,
V
+
- V

--- 0
Summary of op-amp behavior
V
+
= V


I
+
= I

= 0
Seems strange, but
the input terminals
to an op-amp act as
a short and open at
the same time
Write node equations at + and - terminals
(I
i
=I
+
= I
-

= 0)
Set V
+
= V
-
Solve for V
o
To analyze an op-amp circuit for linear
operation
IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
The input signal of a differential amplifier
consists of a differential component and a
common-mode component.
2 1
v v v
id
=
( )
2 1 cm
2
1
v v v
i
+ =
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Differential Amplifier circuits
In differential amplifier, there are two inputs V
i1
and V
i2
and
there are three outputs (1) at V
o1
, (2) at V
o2
, and (3) across
between V
o1
and V
o2
Dual supply +V
CC
and V
EE
are used so that V
i1
and V
i2
can be
connected to the BJT directly without coupling capacitor

I
C1
+ I
C2
= 2I
c
flows
through R
E

then V
RE
= 2I
c
x R
E
V
i1
R
C
-V
EE
+V
CC
V
o1
V
o2
R
C
R
E
V
i2
Q
1
Q
2
A
C
A
C
V
E
= -0.7V
V
B
= 0V dc
+

-

( ) ( )
C
e
E
EE
C
EE EE RE E C
I
mV 26
r
R 2
7 . 0 V
I
7 . 0 V V 7 . 0 V R I 2
=

=
= = =
C C CC 2 C 1 C
R I V V V = =
DC analysis

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Example

In differential amplifier shown,
find (1) V
B1
= V
B2
(2) V
E1
= V
E2
(3) I
C1
= I
C2
and (4) V
C1
= V
C2

V
B
= 0V dc
V
E
= -0.7V
V
i1
-9V
+9V
V
o1
V
o2
R
C
3.3kO
V
i2
Q
1
Q
2
A
C
A
C
3.9kO
+

-

V
C

I
C

( ) ( )
mA 26 . 1
k 3 . 3 2
7 . 0 9
R 2
7 . 0 V
I
7 . 0 V V 7 . 0 V R I 2
E
EE
C
EE EE E E C
=

=
= = =
V 1 . 4 k 9 . 3 mA 26 . 1 9 R I V V
C C CC C
= = =
V 7 . 0 V , V 0 V
E B
= =
Due to biasing requirements or leakage, a
small amount of current (typically ~10
nanoamperes for bipolar op-amps, tens of
picoamperes for JFET input stages, and only a
few pA for MOSFET input stages) flows into the
inputs. When large resistors or sources with
high output impedances are used in the circuit,
these small currents can produce large
unmodeled voltage drops. If the input currents
are matched, and the impedance
looking out of both inputs are matched, then
the voltages produced at each input will be
equal.
Input Bias Current
-The output voltage of an op-amp when the
differential input is zero should be also zero.
- However, due to unavoidable internal
imbalances and due to non-zero bias currents, a
small voltage, V
IO
, is seen between the
terminals.
- ICs provide a means to compensate for this.
- This is generally done by connecting an
external potentiometer to pins designated with
Offset Null.
- With zero input voltage, the output is set to zero
by adjusting the potentiometer
- The pinout for the 741 op-amp (the most
common op-amp IC) is shown next.
Input Offset Voltages
Input Offset Current
- Input offset current refers to the
difference between the bias currents of
the amplifier. Again, ideally the two
currents should be equal to obtain a
zero output voltage. However, there has
to be a difference between the two bias
currents to set the output to zero. This
difference is referred to as input offset
current.
- The difference in I
Bias
between the
two inputs.
Common-mode Gain
Common mode gain is the undesired
gain when the same signal is applied
to both inputs. Ideally it should be
zero.
Common-mode Rejection Ratio
The ability of a differential amplifier to not
pass (reject) the portion of the signal
common to both the + and - inputs.

Multistages Amplifier
Push Pull Amplifier
Operation (Push Pull)
Most audio power amplifiers use a Class B
configuration which employs two common
collector (emitter-follower) stages where one
transistor provides power to the load during one-
half of the waveform cycle (it pushes) and a
second transistor provides power to the load for
the other half of the cycle (it pulls).
Neither transistor remains on for the entire cycle,
giving each transistor time to rest and cool
during the waveform cycle. This makes for a
more power-efficient amplifier circuit, but leads
to a distinct type of nonlinearity known as
crossover distortion.
Operation (Push Pull)
Distortion occurs because there is a delay
between the time one transistor turns off and the
other transistor turns on.
There will be no output signal until Vin 0.6V .
Infinite gain for the differential input signal

Zero gain for the common-mode input
signal

Infinite input impedance

Zero output impedance

Infinite bandwidth
Characteristics of Ideal Op Amps
(1) Infinite Open Loop gain
- The gain without feedback
- Equal to differential gain
- Zero common-mode gain
- Pratically, G
d
= 20,000 to 200,000
(2) Infinite Input impedance
- Input current i
i
~0A
- T-O in high-grade op-amp
- m-A input current in low-grade op-
amp
(3) Zero Output Impedance
- act as perfect internal voltage source
- No internal resistance
- Output impedance in series with load
- Reducing output voltage to the load
- Practically, R
out
~ 20-100 O
+

V1
V2
Vo
+

Vo
i1~0
i2~0
+

Rout
Vo'
Rload
out load
load
o load
R R
R
V V
+
'
=
Ideal characteristics of Op-Amp

Input offset voltage 0
when the input terminals are shorted so that , the
output is a Virtual Ground or v
out
= 0
Offset current 0
there is assumed to be no leakage or bias current
into the device
Bandwidth -
the frequency magnitude response is considered to
be flat everywhere with zero phase shift)

Ideal Practical
Open Loop gain A

10
5
Bandwidth BW
10-100Hz
Input Impedance Z
in
>1MO
Output Impedance Z
out
0 O 10-100 O
Output Voltage V
out
Depends only
on V
d
= (V
+
V

)
Differential
mode signal
Depends slightly
on average input
V
c
= (V
+
+V

)/2
Common-Mode
signal
CMRR
10-100dB
+

~
AVin
Vin Vout
Zout=0
Ideal op-amp
+

AVin
Vin
Vout
Zout
~
Zin
Practical op-amp
Ideal Vs Practical Op-Amp
We are using the two
ideal op amp
properties discussed
above to analyze this
circuit.

Since the amplifier
has infinite gain, it will
develop its output
voltage, V
out
, with zero
input voltage.



INVERTING AMPLIFIER
44

Since the differential
input is zero, the full
input voltage must
appear across R
i
, making
the current in R
i
,

I
in
= V
in
/ R
i
.

since there is no current
flow into either input
terminal because the
input impedance is
infinite, the current I
in

must also flow in R
f
.



INVERTING AMPLIFIER
45


INVERTING AMPLIFIER
46

V
+
= 0 I
i
= 0
I
1
= I
f
+ I
i
V
s
V

R
1
=
V

V
o
R
f
V

= V
+
= 0
V
o
V
s
=
R
f
R
1
V
o
=
R
f
R
1
V
s
THE NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER
The input signal is applied
to the non inverting input
terminal.
A resistor R
a,
is connected
from the inverting input
to the ground.
The feedback resistor R
f
is
connected between the
output and the inverting
input.

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+
Vin
Vo

Ra
Rf
THE NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Since the potential at the
inverting input and that at the
non inverting input are same .




48
+
Vin
Vo

Ra
Rf
THE NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER

(R
1
+ R
2
/ R
1
) = V
OUT
/

V
A

1 + ( R
2
/ R
1
) = V
OUT
/

V
IN

A
v
=

1 + ( R
2
/ R
1
).

The output and input
voltages are in phase.




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50
Non Inverting Amplifier
(1) Kirchhoff node equation at V
+

yields,

(2) Kirchhoff node equation at V

yields,


(3) Setting V
+
= V

yields

or
+
Vin
Vo

Ra
Rf
i
V V =
+
0
0
=

f
o
a
R
V V
R
V
0 =

+
f
o i
a
i
R
V V
R
V
a
f
i
o
R
R
V
V
+ =1
The output and input voltages are in phase.
The Summing Amplifier
The summing
amplifier provides
an output equal to
the sum of the
input voltages.
Here we have an
inverting amplifier,
used to sum two
input voltages.

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The Summing Amplifier
The input voltages
V
1
and V
2
are
connected to the
inverting input
through the
resistors R
1,
R
2
and
R
F
is the feedback
resistance.

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The Summing Amplifier
Summing Amplifier
This circuit is called
a weighted summer
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =

= + + =

=
+ = + +
= =

+
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
3 2 1
; 0
:
; 0
:
0
R
V
R
V
R
V
R V
R
V
R
V
R
V
R
V
V insert
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
R
V V
so
I while
I I I I I
KCL use
V V
f o
f
o
f
o
i
Rf i R R R
V
1

V
2

V
3
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
f
Subtrator Amplifier
55
4 3
2 1
R R
R R
=
=
) (
2 1
2
4
V V
R
R
V
O
=
}
=
+ =
+ =
dt t v
RC
t v
dt
t dv
C
R
t v
I I I
i o
i
C i
) (
1
) (
) (
0
) (
0
sC
1
C j
1
X
: impedance ce tan Capaci
C
=
e
=
Integrator Amplifier
dt
t dv
RC t v
R
t v V
dt
t dv
C
I I
i
o
o i
R C
) (
) (
) ( ) (
=

=
=

Differentiator Amplifier
Comparator
V
o
(V)
10
-5
t
V
S
(V)
t
Compare V
+
and V
-
V
+
=0
V
-
=V
S

When:
V
S
>0,V
+
>V
-
so V
o
=10V
V
S
<0,V
+
<V
-
so V
o
=-5V
(b) Output Voltage of Comparator
(a) Input Voltage of Comparator
1
V V
O
=
Unity Follower(Pengikut Voltan)

Instrumentation Amplifier
Non-linear application is where the op-amp
operate in non-linear region
By comparing these two input voltages: positive
input voltages, V
+
and negative input voltage, V
-

where:
V
O
= V
CC
if V
+
> V
-

V
O
= -V
CC
if V
+
< V
-

Input current, I
i
= 0

Non-linear application in op-amp











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