   

  
   

By-
Siddheshwar Mahajan
(B3023041)
Laxminarayan Kabra
(B3023035)
Zameer Parkar
(B3023052)

Page 1 10/14/08
Index

Introduction
Scope
Block Diagram
Block Diagram Description
Experimental Setup
Theory Introduction
Database
Performance Evaluation
Complexities Involved
Future Scope
References

Page 2 10/14/08
Introduction
• A Non Destructive method of Complex Permittivity
measurement.

• Complex Permittivity measured using microwave

resonators.

• Permittivity measurement carried out for Biological

samples.

• Study of Genetic Algorithm.

Page 3 10/14/08
Scope

A pilot study on various vegetables and milk products is

done.

To finalize the sample size, samples of various sizes were

taken and number of samples were also increased.

The resonant frequency of the resonator depends on the

effective permittivity which in turn depends on the
moisture content of the sample.

The study of Genetic Algorithm.

Page 4 10/14/08
 Later on testing was done for prosthetic tissues also.

Due to unavailability of cancerous tissues readings could

not be taken.

• Moisture measurement also done for all samples.

• Network Analyzer is used to determine Transmission &

Reflection characteristics of the resonator.

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Block Diagram

GPIB

Ca
bl
e

Page 6 10/14/08
Block Diagram Description

1) Network Analyser
It consists of a synthesized RF source, a narrowband
receiver, a broadband receiver and a display.
The receiver separates the signals into reference,
reflected and transmitted signals.
These inputs are processed as either narrowband or
broadband signals.
They are then multiplexed into ADC, the output of which
is processed by CPU and sent to display.
Transmission and Reflection characteristics can be
determined using the Network Analyser.

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Why Genetic Algorithm ?
Calculus based or Enumerative methods.

But these methods:

1. Lacked in Robustness.
2. Were inefficient for simulation purpose.

On the other hand Genetic Algorithms can be

implemented as computer simulation.

MATLAB can be used as a tool for writing GA.

Page 8 10/14/08
Genetic Algorithm

• The input to the Genetic Algorithm.

• Candidate solutions (called individuals) to an optimization

problem evolves towards better solutions.

• The evolution starts from a population of completely

random individuals (the data) and happens in
generations.

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Fitness of the whole population is evaluated.

Multiple individuals stochastically selected from the

current population.

Modified to form a new population which is updated in

next iteration.

Successive generations evolve more fit individuals

based on Darwin’s theory of Survival of the Fittest.

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Genetic Algorithm

Page 11 10/14/08
Experimental Setup

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Theory Introduction

1) Complex permittivity Measurement

A Ring Resonator is used to find the complex permittivity
of the given sample.
The resonant frequency is inversely proportional to the
effective permittivity of the sample.
(fr/fr’)=√(εeff’/εeff)
where,
fr = The frequency of the resonator
fr’ = Shifted frequency due to the sample
εeff’ = Effective Permittivity of the sample

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 The Effective Permittivity is given by

• The complex permittivity is given by

1) ε= εr ± iε’’
2) ε’’=εd’’+εσ’’= εd’’+(σ/εώ)

where,
ε’’= Dielectric Loss Factor

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Moisture Effect
Moisture is the major component of most biological
materials.

Water in moist materials can be divided into three

groups in descending order of mobility.

Higher the moisture content, larger the dielectric

constant and loss factors.

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Microwave Ring Resonator

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Ring Resonator
Design Formulae

1. To find width of microstrip:

2. To find effective permittivity (εeff):

Ref. Edwards
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3. To find Inner & Outer radius of ring resonator
300 λ
λg = R0 =
f εe 2π

Inner Radius of Ring Outer Radius of Ring

w w
R2 = R0 − R1 = R0 +
2 2

4. To find length of side arms:

c
Ls =
2 f εe

Ref. Edwards
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 Microwave Ring Method of placing
Resonator the sample

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2GHz Ring Resonator (Glass Epoxy) 2.5GHz Ring Resonator (Glass Epoxy)
1. Width Of Microstrip = 1. Width Of Microstrip =
2.9346mm 2.9346mm
2. Effective Permittivity = 2.4718 2. Effective Permittivity = 2.4718
3. Outer Radius Of the Ring = 3. Outer Radius Of the Ring =
16.6517mm 13.6148mm
4. Inner Radius Of the Ring = 4. Inner Radius Of the Ring =
13.7170mm 10.6801mm
5. Length Of Side Arms = 5. Length Of Side Arms = 7.6325mm
9.5406mm

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 2.2GHz Ring Resonator (RT Duroid)
1. Width Of Microstrip =
4.9925mm
2. Effective Permittivity =
1.3745
3. Outer Radius Of the Ring =
21.0075mm
4. Inner Radius Of the Ring =
16.0150mm
5. Length Of Side Arms =
11.6309mm
Page 21 10/14/08
Database
Readings for Paneer sample on Glass Epoxy
Substrate
Fr open =2188.10MHz Sample Size: H=1cm, W=1cm,
L=2cm

Time Weight BW Freq Q Loss

(Min) (grams) (MHz) (MHz)
Initial 1.75 47.60 2188.10 45.96 -28.53

10 1.67 100.42 2153.64 21.45 -35.47

20 1.50 88.24 2170.29 24.59 -34.92

30 1.42 76.68 2164.51 28.23 -33.49

40 1.40 66.30 2174.37 32.79 -33.40

50 1.38 63.27 2172.85 34.34 -32.96

60 1.38 62.47 2172.40 32.77 -33.75

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Readings for Paneer sample on RT Duroid
Substrate
Fr open =1867.45MHz Sample Size: H=1cm, W=1cm,
L=2cm
Time Weight BW Freq Q Loss
(Min) (grams) (MHz) (MHz)

Initial 1.75 114.72 1863.08 14.50 -42.16

10 1.67 35.47 1848.73 52.12 -23.55
20 1.50 74.91 1869.08 24.95 -20.00

30 1.42 21.47 1869.02 87.02 -19.50

40 1.40 19.73 1870.20 94.77 -19.13
50 1.38 19.58 1870.65 95.53 -20.03

60 1.38 20.65 1869.05 90.05 -18.26

Page 23 10/14/08
Readings for Cucumber sample on RT Duroid
Substrate
Fr open =1867.45MHz Sample
Size=1x1x2

Time Weight Freq Q

(min) (grams) (MHz)
Initial 2.39 1829.15 39.58

10 2.20 1834.42 40.91

20 2.13 1836.98 41.23

30 2.06 1843.21 49.50

40 1.90 1839.43 38.22

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Readings for Cucumber sample on Glass Epoxy
Substrate
Fr open =1745.85MHz Sample Size: Diameter =12.5mm,
Height=4mm

Time Weight BW CF Q Loss

(min) (grams) (MHz) (MHz)
Initial 2.498 41.81 1731.34 41.41 -32.37

10 2.401 41.47 1735.14 41.84 -32.72

20 2.290 42.35 1733.40 40.93 -32.59

30 2.150 41.08 1737.30 42.28 -33.06

40 2.02 40.25 1737.63 43.16 -32.44

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Readings for Prosthetic Tissues on RT Duroid
Substrate

Sample Weight Freq Q Loss

(grams)

1 0.178 1881.55 131.95 -16.53

2 0.085 1888.75 113.50 -18.54

3 0.141 1880.74 135.99 -20.18

4 0.242 1873.97 117.74 -17.84

5 0.230 1874.97 118.00 -16.85

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 Sample Weight Freq Q Loss
(grams)
1 0.097 1883.20 128.08 -19.99

2 0.095 1885.58 123.53 -21.27

3 0.062 1883.17 134.53 -19.89

4 0.710 1887.48 116.23 -22.23

5 0.127 1878.40 120.62 -18.28

Page 27 10/14/08
Page 28 10/14/08
Performance Evaluation

Frequency Vs Moisture Frequency Vs Moisture

content for paneer content for Cucumber
sample sample

Almost linear relationship between percentage of moisture and

resonant frequency.

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Graphs for Q values at different percentages of moisture
plotted.

Q Vs Moisture content Q Vs Moisture content

for cucumber sample for paneer sample

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Graphs for effective permittivity values at different
percentages of moisture was also plotted.

Effective permittivity Vs Effective permittivity Vs

Moisture content for Moisture content for paneer
cucumber sample sample

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Complexities Involved
A research based project.

A ready database was not available.

Study of Genetic Algorithm.

Ready availability of human tissues.

Page 32 10/14/08
Future scope for Development
• Use of better material: Material like PVF, RT Duroid, etc.
are specially developed as microstrip resonator substrates.

• Better connectorization: Use of spot soldering will help in

improving response of resonator.

• Accurate fabrication: Fabrication must be done with very

good accuracy and with smooth polishing.

• Use of better set up: Better set up for applications will

help in improving the results and accuracy.

Page 33 10/14/08
References

Books:

1) “Microwave Engineering”, David M. Pozar, 2nd Edition

John Wiley & Sons

2) “Foundations of Interconnect and Microstrip Design”,

T.C.Edwards & M.B.Steer, 3rd Edition John Wiley &
Sons

Page 34 10/14/08
IEEE Papers:
Zhangyou Chen and Seichi Okamura
“Moisture Measurement by dielectric ring
resonator in Microwave Range”
2000 2nd lntemational Conference on Microwave and Millimeter
Wave Technology Proceedings

• Toropajmi, 1'. Vainikeincn iind A, Drossos,

“Method for accurate measurement of complex
permittivity of tissue equivalent liquids”,
ELECTRONICS LETTERS 6th January 2000 Vol. 36 No. 1

• Andrzej W. Kraszewski, Member, IEEE

“Microwave Aquametry –Needs and
Perspectives”,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES,
VOL. 39, NO. 5, MAY 1991

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• Ronald L. Seaman, Everette C. Burdette, Robert L. Dehaan,
“Open-Ended Coaxial Exposure Device for
Applying RF/Microwave Fields to Very Small
Biological Preparations”,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES,
VOL. 37, NO. 1, JANUARY 1989

• Maria A. Stuchly, T. Whit Athey, George M. Samaras and GLEN

EDWARD TAYLOR,
“Measurement of Radio Frequency Permittivity
of Biological Tissues with an Open-Ended Coaxial
Line”,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES,
VOL. MIT-30, lQO. 1, JANUARY 1982

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