Presented By:

M. Fasih-ur-Rehman

Presented To:

Dr. Sajjad Maqbool

 Rigid Pavement

 Those which are surfaced with Portland Cement

Concrete (PCC).

 These types of pavements are called “Rigid"

because they are substantially stiffer than flexible
pavements due to PCC's high stiffness.
Surfaces of a Typical Rigid Pavement
 Surface course
• This is the top layer, which consists of the PCC
slab.
Surfaces of a Typical Rigid Pavement

Base course
•This is the layer directly below the PCC layer and
generally consists of aggregate or stabilized sub-
grade.

Lean Concrete Base Material

Surfaces of a Typical Rigid Pavement:
 Sub-base course
• The base course is immediately
beneath the surface course.
It:
• Minimizes the intrusion of fines from the
sub-grade into the pavement structure.
• Improves drainage.
• Minimizes frost action damage.
• Provides a working platform for
construction.
Why Rigid Pavement is Constructed?

 Load distribution
is on wider area.

 So additional base
and sub-base
layers are not
necessarily
required.
 Why Rigid Pavement is
Constructed?
 Due to higher strength it carries more load
and undergoes less wear and tear.
 The chemical and mechanical resistance of
rigid pavements is excellent, making them
ideal for high traffic loading and container
terminals etc.
 Initial cost of rigid pavement is high but its
lesser maintenance cost and long life with
more load carrying capacity make it
economical.
Types of Rigid Pavement

 Rigid pavements are differentiated into

three major categories by their means of
crack control.

• Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement

(JPCP)
• Jointed Reinforced Concrete
Pavement (JRCP)
• Continuously Reinforced Concrete
Pavement (CRCP)
 Types of Rigid Pavement
 Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)

• JPCP controls cracks by dividing the pavement up into

individual slabs separated by contraction joints.
• Slabs are typically one lane wide and between 3.7 m
(12 ft.) and 6.1 m (20 ft.) long.
• It does not use any reinforcing steel but does use dowel
bars and tie bars.
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)

Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)

 Types of Rigid Pavement

 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)

• JRCP uses contraction joints and reinforcing steel to

control cracking.
• Transverse joint spacing is longer than that for JPCP
and typically ranges from about 7.6 m (25 ft.) to 15.2
m (50 ft.).
• Temperature and moisture stresses are expected to
cause cracking between joints, hence reinforcing steel
is used to hold these cracks tightly together.
Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement
(JRCP)

Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)

 Types of Rigid Pavement

 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement

(CRCP)

• CRCP does not require any contraction joints.

• Transverse cracks are allowed to form but are held

tightly together with continuous reinforcing steel.
Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement
(CRCP)

Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (CRCP)

 Types of Rigid Pavement

 Fiber Reinforced Concrete:

• In FRC, the amount and location of reinforcement

is not governed by loading and tensile stresses.
• Fibers are randomly dispersed to increase the
strength of concrete.
• They may be steel, polypropylene, polyethylene or
nylon.
 Steel Fibers

Synthetic Fibers
 Joints in Rigid Pavement

 Joints are purposefully placed discontinuities in

a rigid pavement surface course.
 Concrete pavements are subjected to volumetric
changes due to temperature changes, shrinkage
and change in moisture content.
 To minimize the affect of these stresses, joints
are provided.
 Types of Joints
 The most common types of pavement joints, defined
by their function, are

• Contraction Joints
• Expansion Joints
• Construction Joints
• Longitudinal Joints
• Isolation Joints
 Types of Joints
 Contraction Joints:

• Temperature changes cause contraction in the

concrete which induces tensile stresses and slab
cracks.
• A contraction joint is a sawed, formed, or tooled
groove in a concrete slab that creates a weakened
vertical plane.
Typical Contraction Joint
 Contraction Joints

Rigid Pavement Showing The middle lane contraction joint

Contraction Joints was not sawed resulting in a transverse
slab crack. The outer lanes have proper
Contraction Joints and therefore, no
cracking
 Contraction Joints
 Function of Dowel
Bar:
 Contraction Joints

 Skewed Contraction Joint:

• Skewed joints are cut at obtuse angles to the

direction of traffic flow to help with load transfer.
• If the joint is properly skewed, the left wheel of
each axle will cross onto the leave slab first and
only one wheel will cross the joint at a time.
• which results in lower load transfer stresses
Skewed Contraction Joint
 Types of Joints
 Expansion Joints:

• Expansion takes place when the temperature of the

slab rises above the value when it was laid.

• Expansion joints are intended to provide space in the

pavement for expansion of the slab.

• These are omitted altogether.

Typical Expansion Joint
 Types of Joints
 Construction Joints:

• A construction joint is between slabs that results

when concrete is placed at different times.

• These joints can be longitudinal as well as transverse.

 Construction Joints

Longitudinal and Transverse Construction Joints

 Types of Joints

 Longitudinal Joints:

• When the pavement width is more than, say 5m,

• Stresses are produced in longitudinal direction

• It is necessary to provide a longitudinal joint with

some form of load transferring device.
Typical Longitudinal Joints
 Types of Joints

 Isolation Joints:

• An isolation joint is used to lessen

compressive stresses that develop between the
pavement and a structure (or another existing
pavement)

• They are typically filled with a joint filler

material to prevent water and dirt infiltration.
 Isolation Joints

Roofing Paper Used for an Isolation

Joint
 Design of Rigid Pavement
 There are mainly four design techniques for
rigid pavements, which are

• Indian Design Guidelines

• Design by Westergaard Method
• AASHTO Method of Rigid Pavement
Design
• UK Design Curve (By Road Note)
 Design of Rigid Pavement
 Indian Design Guidelines:

• These guidelines are not used internationally.

• This method is not used world wide and is

practiced only in India.
 Indian Design
Guidelines Charts
 Design of Rigid Pavement

 Design by Westergaard Method:

 Inputs
 Wheel Load Heaviest single axle load
 Flexural Stress of Concrete Mod. of Rupture
 Mod. Of Sub-grade Reaction it is determined
by Plat Load Test and is expressed as
k=p/δ
where p = applied pressure to soil
δ = is corresponding deflection
Design by Westergaard Method
 Design of Rigid Pavement

 AASHTO Method of Rigid Pavement Design:

 Inputs
 Calculation of Design Load(W18) for design life
 Reliability “R” in (%)
 Overall Standard Deviation, So
 Design Serviceability Loss (▲PSI)
 Modulus of Sub-grade Reaction
 Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
 After these calculation use the following graph
AASHTO chart for Rigid Pavement
AASHTO chart for Rigid Pavement
 Design of Rigid Pavement

 UK Design Curve (By Road Note)

• After calculation of W18, the design chart for

rigid pavement by Road Note is used to find the
thickness.