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The Scientific Method

Formulation of an H ypothesis

P lanning an experiment to objectively test the hypothesis Careful observation and collection of D ata from the experiment I nterpretation of the experimental results

Steps in Experimentation
H P
Definition of the problem Statement of objectives Selection of treatments Selection of experimental material Selection of experimental design Selection of the unit for observation and the number of replications Control of the effects of the adjacent units on each other Consideration of data to be collected Outlining statistical analysis and summarization of results

D I

Conducting the experiment


Analyzing data and interpreting results Preparation of a complete, readable, and correct report

The Well-Planned Experiment


Simplicity
dont attempt to do too much write out the objectives, listed in order of priority

Degree of precision
appropriate design sufficient replication

Absence of systematic error Range of validity of conclusions


well-defined reference population repeat the experiment in time and space a factorial set of treatments also increases the range

Calculation of degree of uncertainty

Types of variables
Continuous
can take on any value within a range (height, yield, etc.) measurements are approximate often normally distributed

Discrete
only certain values are possible (e.g., counts, scores) not normally distributed, but means may be

Categorical
qualitative; no natural order often called classification variables generally interested in frequencies of individuals in each class binomial and multinomial distributions are common

Terminology
experiment treatment

planned inquiry procedure whose effect will be measured

factor
levels variable

class of related treatments


states of a factor measurable characteristic of a plot

experimental unit to which a treatment is applied

unit (plot)

More Terminology
replications

experimental units that receive the same treatment group of homogeneous experimental

block

units
sampling unit part of experimental unit that is

measured
experimental variation among experimental units

error

that are treated alike

Barley Yield Trial


Experiment Hypothesis Treatment Factor Levels Variable Experimental Unit Replication Block Sampling Unit Error

Hypothesis testing
Decision
Accept H0 Reject H0

Reality
H0 is true 1 = 2

Correct

Type I error 1- Power

HA is true 1 2

Type II error

Power of the test

Power is greater when differences among treaments are large alpha is large standard errors are small

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