Janneil Marie Sabillo BS Biology 3A

Cystitis is a term that refers to bladder inflammation that results from any one of a number of distinct syndromes. It is most commonly caused by a bacterial infection in which case it is referred to as a urinary tract infection.

E. coli S. saprophyticus

 Pressure in the lower pelvis Painful urination (dysuria) Frequent urination (polyuria) or urgent need to urinate (urinary urgency) Need to urinate at night (nocturia)Pyuria (pus in urine)

Passed from person to person. Mechanical trauma to the body, such as vigorous sexual activity (vaginal or anal) or wearing very tight jeans. Chemical irritants such as perfumed soap or bath oils, hormone deficiency, holding on too long before going to the toilet or urinary catheters.

 Urine

Specimen for Urinalysis A urinalysis may reveal white blood cells (WBCs) or red blood cells (RBCs). A urine culture (clean catch) or catheterized urine specimen may be performed to determine the type of bacteria in the urine and the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.

Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, Weil's syndrome, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever, 7-day fever, Rat Catcher's Yellows, Fort Bragg fever, and Pretibial fever:290) is a disease known to cause heating up and causing redness of the hands. It is caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Leptospira, and affects humans as well as other mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles.The disease was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886 when he reported an "acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis". Leptospira was first observed in 1907 from a post mortem renal tissue slice. In 1908, Inada and Ito first identified it as the causative organism and in 1916 noted its presence in rats.

Leptospira interrogans

Headaches, muscular aches, fever, kidney failure a possible complication

Reservoir: Dogs and rats Transmission: Skin/mucosal contact from urinecontaminated water

 Serological Specimen

Gonorrhea (also colloquially known as the clap) is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The usual symptoms in men are burning with urination and penile discharge. Women, on the other hand, are asymptomatic half the time or have vaginal discharge and pelvic pain. In both men and women if gonorrhea is left untreated, it may spread locally causing epididymitis or pelvic inflammatory disease or throughout the body, affecting joints and heart valves.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

 Men: Painful urination and discharge of pus Women: Few symptoms but possible complications, such as Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases PID

Sexual Contact with the infected person. Unfaithfulness.

Gram stain, ELISA, PCR

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacteria Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The primary route of transmission is through sexual contact however it may also be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy or at birth resulting in congenital syphilis. Other human diseases caused by related Treponema pallidum include yaws (subspecies pertenue), pinta (subspecies carateum) and bejel (subspecies endemicum).

 Treponema pallidum

Primary stage: Chancre at site of infection Secondary stage: Skin and mucosal rashes Latent period: No symptoms Tertiary stage: Gummas on many organs Congenital: Neurological damage

Sexual Contact with the Infected Person

Direct diagnosis
Staining with fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies

Indirect, rapid screening

VDRL, RPR, EIA

Confirming
FTA-ABS tests for anti-treponemal antibodies

Lovely Anne Estepa BS Cosmetic Science 3A

Meningitis is inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges. The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs. Meningitis can be life-threatening because of the inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord; therefore the condition is classified as a medical emergency.

 Haemophilus influenzae Neisseria Meningitis Streptococcus pneumoniae

Figure 22.2

Fever, headache, and stiff neck Followed by nausea and vomiting May progress to convulsions and coma

Skull or backbone fractures Medical procedures Along peripheral nerves Blood or lymph

Diagnosis by Gram stain or latex agglutination of CSF

Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis. Symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue. More advanced and serious symptoms include seizures or convulsions, tremors, hallucinations, and memory problems.

Histoplasma capsulatum Cryptococcus neoformans Toxoplasma gondii

Adult patients with encephalitis present with acute onset of fever, headache, confusion, and sometimes seizures. Younger children or infants may present irritability, poor appetite and fever

Transmitted from person to person through ingestion of material contaminated by the feces of an infected person or through exposure to infectious respiratory droplets. Acquired through consumption of contaminated food Transmitted to humans through monkey bites or exposure of naked skin or mucous membranes to infectious monkey saliva or monkey tissue culture.

Neurological Examinations Lumbar Punctures CT Scan MRI

Woosoo Kim BS Biology 3A

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. It usually involves the heart valves (native or prosthetic valves). Other structures that may be involved include the interventricular septum, the chordae tendineae, the mural endocardium, or even on intracardiac devices. Endocarditis is characterized by a prototypic lesion, the vegetation, which is a mass of platelets, fibrin, microcolonies of microorganisms, and scant inammatory cells.In the subacute form of infective endocarditis, the vegetation may also include a center of granulomatous tissue, which may fibrose or calcify.

Streptococcus bovis

 Fever, i.e. fever of unknown origin occurs in 97% of people; malaise and endurance fatigue in 90% of people. A new or changing heart murmur, weight loss, and coughing occurs in 35% of people. Vascular phenomena: septic embolism (causing thromboembolic problems such as stroke in the parietal lobe of the brain or gangrene of fingers), Janeway lesions (painless hemorrhagic cutaneous lesions on the palms and soles), intracranial hemorrhage, conjunctival hemorrhage, splinter hemorrhages, Renal Infarcts, and Infarct Spleen. Immunologic phenomena: Glomerulonephritis which allows for blood and albumin to enter the urine, Osler's nodes (painful subcutaneous lesions in the distal fingers), Roth's spots on the retina, positive serum rheumatoid factor Other signs may include; night sweats, rigors, anemia, splenomegaly, clubbing

Malpractice dental procedures. Such as dental cleaning and extraction of tooth

 Echocardiography

Oscillating intracardiac mass on valve or supporting structures, in the path of regurgitant jets, or on implanted material in the absence of an alternative anatomic explanation, or Abscess, or New partial dehiscence of prosthetic valve or new valvular regurgitation (worsening or changing of preexisting murmur not sufficient)

Rheumatic (roo-MAT-ik) heart disease was formerly one of the most serious forms of heart disease of childhood and adolescence. Rheumatic heart disease involves damage to the entire heart and its membranes. Rheumatic heart disease is a complication of rheumatic fever and usually occurs after attacks of rheumatic fever. The incidence of rheumatic heart disease has been greatly reduced by widespread use of antibiotics effective against the streptococcal bacterium that causes rheumatic fever.

Streptococcal bacterium

Symptoms of rheumatic heart disease are: breathlessness, fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, and fainting attacks.

Rheumatic fever can occur in children who have had strep infections that were untreated or inadequately treated.

X-ray Echocardiogram

Chest