ADSL

ADSL: A brief Overview
Presented by
Naba Raj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

Objective of the class
A brief theoretical overview of ADSL Contemporary Problems Probable solutions Checking of ADSL line by tester
ADSL Field Configuration

The ADSL network components are:
The ADSL modem at the customer premises, that is

called an ADSL transceiver unit-remote (ATU-R). It provides local loop termination on the customer side. The modem of the central office that is called an ADSL Transmission Unit- central office (ATU-C). It terminates the ADSL local loop at the central office premises. DSLAM DSL access multiplexer. Many ATU-C units are inserted into the DSLAM. This unit can connect through an ATM or an ETHERNET access network to the internet.

Splitter an electronic low pass filter that separates the analogue voice or ISDN signal from ADSL data frequencies when they get to the subscriber premises. For outgoing traffic, when they are transmitted from the subscriber premises, it combines the voice and the data frequencies onto one line. This allows a POTS phone connection to operate at the same time as ADSL digital data is transmitted or received on the same line. One splitter is located at the central office and another at the subscriber premises. The splitter at the central office can be separate device or may be incorporated into the DSLAM.

What is ADSL?
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. ADSL can generally only be used over short distances,typically less than 3 miles (4.8 km)

What is ADSL? Downstream Upstream 128 128 256 256 384 384 768 768 1024 1024 2048 2048
Distance: [km] 7 6.5 4.5 4 3.5 3
ADSL Current Distribution Exchange Name Distributed Singhdurbar Exchange Area 4 Sundhara Exchange Area 2405 Chhauni Exchange Area1 292 Balambu Exchange Area 93 Kirtipur Exchange Area 263 Gongabu Exchange Area 1339 Bhadrakali Exchange Area 621 Naxal Exchange Area 2343
Exchange Name Koteshwor Exchange Area Chabahil Exchange Area Jorpati Exchange Area Patan Exchange Area Gwarko Exchange Area Harishiddhi Exchange Area Thecho Exchange Area Bhaktapur Exchange Area
Distributed 86 1766 73 2215 106 49 133 258
Exchange Name
Thimi Exchange Area Gothatar Exchange Area Thamel Exchange Area Maharajgunj Exchange Area Ghattekulo Exchange Area Babarmahal Exchange Area Kapan I Exchange Area Sainbu Exchange Area Banepa Exchange Area Total Distributed/Processed
Distributed
365 74 99 99 94 327 82 123 35 14244/15169

Need of ADSL ?
High speed Internet access,
videoconferencing , interconnecting networks, teleworking, broadcasting of TV programs, etc. all form part of the new multimedia services that the user wants at home or in the office.

How ADSL works ?
ADSL communication is full duplex. FDM uses two separate frequency bands,
referred to as the upstream and downstream bands.

How ADSL works ?

How ADSL works ? Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of 4.3125 kHz.

Who prefers upload or download?
Home users
does prefer a higher download speed
Business customers
upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers That is the demarcation !!

Technical Characteristics of ADSL
Asymmetric distribution of the rate up to 8 Mbps on the downstream channel and up to 768 on the upstream channel. The range of frequencies is higher than the basic telephone frequency and up to a 1 MHz frequency. It is enabled on a regular analog telephone line or on an ISDN line.

Technical Characteristics of ADSL
All the features of the line are maintained (such as
conference call, call waiting, etc.).
It is possible to surf the Internet and talk on the same
line simultaneously (the use of filters does away with the need for a separate line for the Internet).

ADSL: SNR, attenuation and interference analysis SNR(Signal-to-noise ratio) :
The ratio of a signal power to the noise power corrupting the signal. SNRs are usually expressed in terms of the logarithmic decibel scale(dB).
Attenuation:
Attenuation is the reduction in amplitude and intensity of a signal. Attenuation is usually measured in units of decibels per unit length of medium (dB/cm, dB/km, etc)
Interference: Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves which are

correlated or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency. Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda
KRD Switching

ADSL: SNR, attenuation and interference analysis Acceptable Values of SNR, attenuation and
interference
Acceptable Values of SNR: 15 dB less than 10 dB not acceptable.

Attenuation:
Maximum of 41db for the 2Mbps product and 60dB for the 1Mbps product.
Interference:

ADSL: SNR, attenuation and interference analysis
Interference: Causes of interference
Poor house wiring Long home phone cable runs Micro-filters of insufficient quality, Older fax machines Poor quality phone extension handsets. Cordless phones or Extensions Floro lights Home metering should be regarded with suspicion.

ADSL: SNR, attenuation and interference
analysis Interference: Other Causes of interference
The length, quality and dimensions of the copper cable The amount of crosstalk (which is directly related to 'cable fill',the proportion of pairs in the cables carrying DSL) Noise from sources in the home or premises Noise picked up from the environment, e.g. radio frequency interference Any faults that might be present on the line.
Let us see problems

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A customer comes to office for ADSL line. He/She registers He/She pays the money. Then he gets username and Password. Then he/she tries to connect the internet.
Now the problems start !!

Common Problems(No synchronization) 1. Check Whether the ADSL,DSL or Link (as
indicated by a flashing green/red light ) is OK or not. If No, There may be the following reasons.
ADSL not active Problem with the local line Incorrectly installed filters.

Common Problems(No synchronization)
Possible Solutions
1. Check whether is jumpering on the particular line. 2. If jumpering is OK ,then check the ADSL line from the MDF to the outside. 3. If there is still problems, check the following.

Common Problems(No synchronization)
Possible Solutions
1. Is there extension, home wiring or home metering? 2. If No, check whether is proper connection or not 3. If there is still problems, check copper pair(Not only dial tone is sufficient)

Common Problems(Synchronization but No connection) 2. Check Whether the Data,Act or internet or PPPOE(as
indicated by a flashing green/red light ) is OK or not. If No, There may be the following reasons.

Router configuration Problems Router is not functioning properly Internet server problems Username passwords

Common Problems(Synchronization but No connection) Possible Solutions 1. Reset the router 2. If No, Re configure the router 3. If the router is configured from other telephone line then repeat the same procedures. 4. If there is still problems,suggest them to check in bridge mode.

Common Problems (Synchronization and Connection but no browsing) Problems:
1. The user may be suspended. 2. The subscription may be of zero month.
Solutions:
1. Suggest for recharging 2. Check by provisional window If still problems refer to the concerned export

Common Problems(Disconnection)
1. Other devices sharing the same telephone line
For example, some telecommunication equipment, such as telephones that have built-in 'memories? which draw electrical current from the telephone line in order to recharge their internal batteries which results a drop of power in the line causing the ADSL signal to become weak and the ADSL modem to disconnect.

Common Problems(Disconnection)
1. Other devices sharing the same telephone line
Also, some fax machines will regularly test the telephone line to ensure that it is still operational by sending electrical pulses along it, which may also interfere with ADSL modems. To avoid such problems, it is recommended that you unplug all other devices so that the ADSL modem has sole use of the telephone line.
Common Problems:(Disconnection)
2. Telephone extension cords and adapters Your ADSL modem should be plugged directly into the telephone jack with a cable no longer that 4 meters length. Telephone extension cords and telephone adapters may degrade (Attenuate) the quality of the signal for the connection, which can result in disconnection.

3. PABX systems If you are accessing the Internet from your office, and your office has a number of staff with individual telephone numbers, it is likely that your telephone system uses PABX equipment. PABX equipment is notorious for the problems that it can cause with ADSL modem connections and loosing sync. Arrange a direct telephone line for your modem that bypasses the PABX equipment.

4. Filters
If you have placed a filter in the line between the Wall socket and the modem, remove it as it will cause a loss of signal to your ADSL Modem. Also faulty filters can cause disconnection as the start to allow some interfering frequencies to be received by the ADSL modem. If this is the case remove all devices from the line and ensure that only the ADSL modem is plugged in to the wall socket without any filters on that cable.

Common Problems:(Disconnection) 5. Cordless Phones.
If you are using a cordless phone they are prone to causing interference with your ADSL service. Try removing it from the line if this sorts out the problem, then we would recommend that you purchase an inline filter.
ADSL: A brief Overview Common Problems:(Disconnection)

6. Update your windows 7. Modem
Occasionally modems will stop responding. If this the case, please unplug the modems power source for 30 seconds, and then plug it back in. If you are using Windows 95/98 please shut down your computer beforehand. If using a USB modem please shut down and then restart your computer. If the problem persists Reinstall modem if USB or if it is an Ethernet based modem (blue cable generally), upgrade firmware or reconfigure.

Common Problems:(Disconnection) 8. Firewalls
Firewalls are devices or software that you run to protect your system/network from attacks over the internet. Occasionally these firewalls can become to strict on what information is allowed in and out, and can block your connection. Recheck your firewall settings- disable firewall just for testing.

Common Problems:(Disconnection) 9. Modem Configuration.
Some ADSL connections rely on certain configurations to connect. Please check that the configuration of your ADSL modem is set up correctly. Also please make sure the ADSL modem/router is set up to use G.DMT, and not ANSI or Auto-Detect modes as often marginal line noises can generate a significant error rate that will cause the Auto-Detect modes from operating correctly.

Common Problems:(Splitters)
ADSL Filters and Splitters
Splitters and filters cause the most avoidable installation problems for ADSL users. A filter or splitter is essential wherever a telephone or other device shares a line with an ADSL modem. Filters and splitters eliminate the high frequency noise used by ADSL services from being heard on the phones. Splitters and filters perform the same function but in two ways. A splitter divides the signal into two parts one part containing the ADSL signal and the other containing only voice. Filters block the ADSL signal and allow the voice to go through.

Splitters Splitters typically have 3 labels: ADSL, Phone and Line. To use a splitter you connect your telephone devices (eg phone, fax or answering machine) to the connection labelled phone, your ADSL modem to the ADSL connection and the line to the wall socket. If you have other telephone wall sockets in the property on the same telephone line you will need to plug in filters between the phone and the wall socket.

Splitters

A central splitter is installed on the telephone line before the first phone point in the property. Thus the central splitter protects all the phone exensions from the ADSL signal. A new phone point is wired into the central ADSL splitter specifically for the ADSL modem. The ADSL modem will not work on any other point in the property. Central Splitters are sometimes used when user installable splitters and filters do not result in a reliable ADSL connection

Common Problems:(Central Splitter)

Common Problems:(Filters)
Filters Filters typically have 2 labels: Phone and Line. To use a filter connect your telephone devices to the phone side of the filter and plug the filter into the wall socket. Never filter the signal going into your ADSL modem as this will result in a slow, unreliable connection. Never install a filter backwards as the results are unpredictable.

Common Problems:(Filters)
Filters

How to Connect Splitters and Filters Properly?
If you need to plug your ADSL modem into the
same wall socket as a telephone, use a telephone double adapter: Plug the telephone double adaptor into the wall socket Plug the ADSL modem into the double adaptor Plug the filter in to the double adaptor; and, Connect the telephone devices to the filter.

Common Problems:(Speed Problems)
You can check if your exchange is affected by
engineering problems,
Again, speed problems can have a many causes:

Exchange Contention Full throttle uploading Unknown Spyware or a Virus DoS against your IP Faulty or over capacity Exchange ADSL 'central' bandwidth Mis-configured user equipment

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a protocol used by networked devices (clients) to obtain the parameters necessary for operation in an Internet Protocol network. This protocol reduces system administration workload, allowing devices to be added to the network with little or no manual configurations.

NAT Short for Network Address Translation, an Internet standard that enables a localarea network (LAN) to use one set of IP addresses for internal traffic and a second set of addresses for external traffic. A NAT box located where the LAN meets the Internet makes all necessary IP address translations.

Purpose of NAT Internet Protocol (IP) is the language by which systems inter-communicate over the Internet, each system having a unique "IP Address" by which it may be identified. Since an IP address is a 32-bit number, it's theoretically possible to have 4,294,967,296 unique addresses. In fact, not every address is available for public use, so the actual maximum is somewhere between 3.2 and 3.3 billion. The important point is that, whatever the precise number, it's not enough.

NAT serves three main purposes: Provides a type of firewall by hiding internal IP addresses Enables a company to use more internal IP addresses. Since they're used internally only, there's no possibility of conflict with IP addresses used by other companies and organizations. Allows a company to combine multiple ISDN connections into a single Internet connection.
Thank You
Authentication
Authentication Option uses Password Authentication
Protocol (PAP) or Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP). The protocol used depends on negotiation. CHAP uses a one-way hashing algorithm which is known only to the user, to respond to a challenge sent by the authenticator. CHAP is more secure than PAP.
PPPoE - How it works

PPPoE - enables establishing PPP sessions and
encapsulating PPP packets over Ethernet. It has two distinct stages - A discovery stage and a Session stage. The discovery stage identifies the Ethernet MAC address of the peer with which the PPP session is to be established. The session stage gets a PPPoE session ID for the PPP session and encapsulates PPP packets.
Current Private IP addresses as follows

Class A 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255 Class B
172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255

A broadband remote access server (BRAS or BBRAS)

A broadband remote access server (BRAS or BBRAS) routes traffic to and from the digital subscriber line access multiplexers (DSLAM) on an Internet service provider's (ISP) network. The BRAS sits at the core of an ISP's network, and aggregates user sessions from the access network. It is at the BRAS that an ISP can inject policy management and IP Quality of Service (QoS).

Specific tasks of BRAS
Aggregates the output from DSLAMs Provides user PPP sessions over IP or ATM sessions Enforces quality of service (QoS) policies Routes traffic into an Internet service providers backbone network

DSLAM,PPPOE,BRAS and AAA Combinations
A DSLAM collects data traffic from multiple subscribers into a centralized point so that it can be uploaded to the router over a Frame Relay, ATM, or Ethernet connection. The router provides the logical termination for PPP sessions. These may be PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) or PPP over ATM (PPPoA) encapsulated sessions.

DSLAM,PPPOE,BRAS and AAA Combinations
By acting as the PPP termination point, the BRAS is responsible for assigning session parameters such as IP addresses to the clients. The BRAS is also the first IP hop from the client to the Internet. The BRAS is also the interface to authentication, authorization and accounting(AAA) systems

ADSL

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ADSL: A brief Overview

Naba Raj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL Field Configuration

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

The ADSL modem at the customer premises, that is

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

Distance: [km] 7 6.5 4.5 4 3.5 3

Distributed 86 1766 73 2215 106 49 133 258

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

High speed Internet access,

ADSL: A brief Overview

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

It is possible to surf the Internet and talk on the same

ADSL: A brief Overview

Interference: Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves which are

ADSL: A brief Overview

Acceptable Values of SNR: 15 dB less than 10 dB not acceptable.

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

Let us see problems

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview Common Problems:(Disconnection)

ADSL: A brief Overview

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview

Presented by: Nabaraj Khatiwoda KRD Switching

ADSL: A brief Overview

ADSL: A brief Overview