Protein Synthesis and Mutation

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes) Point mutation (base substitutions) Missense mutation Nonsense mutation (premature stop)

Silent mutation
Frameshift mutation Dramatic change in amino acids Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.)

Insertions/deletions

The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis) Spontaneous mutation Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp) Base pair changers (nitrous acid) Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil) Chemical mutagens

Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene)

X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases UV light causes knots in DNA strand

Radiation

Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.

Genes in Prokaryotes Are Grouped Together and Regulated Together

Inducible operon of genes (normally off) Used in rainy day gene sets like for lactose utilization

Repressible operon of genes (normally on) Used to regulate genes that are used all the time, like amino acid making genes

Mutation: Some Definitions

A heritable change in the genetic material Mutations may be neutral, beneficial, or harmful Mutagen: Agent that causes mutations Spontaneous mutations: Occur in the absence of a mutagen

Mutation: Base Substitution (Point Mutations)

G G C C

Glu (a) Silent mutation (d) Run-on mutation

Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression

Steps in Translation of mRNA Initiation, Elongation, Termination Point mutation (base substitutions) Missense mutation Nonsense mutation (premature stop) Silent mutation Frameshift mutation Dramatic change in amino acids Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.) Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)

Insertions/deletions

The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis) Spontaneous mutation Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp) Base pair changers (nitrous acid) Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil) Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene) X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases UV light causes knots in DNA strand Chemical mutagens

Radiation

Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.

Mutation: Insertions and Deletions

THEBIGCATATETHERAT

THEBIGCBATATETHERAT

Figure 8.17a, d

Summary of Mutation Types

Run-on mutation Stop codon lost so protein is extra long

(can also produce nonsense and run-ons)

Protein Synthesis and Mutation

Steps in Translation of mRNA Initiation, Elongation, Termination Point mutation (base substitutions) Missense mutation Nonsense mutation (premature stop) Silent mutation Frameshift mutation Dramatic change in amino acids Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.) Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)

Insertions/deletions

The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis) Spontaneous mutation Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp) Base pair changers (nitrous acid) Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil) Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene) X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases UV light causes knots in DNA strand Chemical mutagens

Radiation

Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.

Spontaneous and Induced Mutation

Spontaneous mutation rate = 1 in 109 (a billion) replicated base pairs or 1 in 106 ( a million) replicated genes. Mistakes occur during DNA Replication just before cell division. This is natural error rate of DNA polymerase. Mutagens increase mistakes to to 105 (100 thousand) or 103 ( a thousand) per replicated gene

Chemical Mutagens
Base pair altering chemicals (base modifiers) deaminators like nitrous acid, nitrosoguanidine, or alkylating agents like cytoxan
cytoxan
Nitrous acid

Base analogues mimic certain bases but pair with others - E.g. 5-fluorouracil, cytarabine

Incorporated as a T
cytarabine

Acts like a C

Chemical Frameshift Mutagens Intercalate into DNA

Carboplatin (anti-cancer drug) Benzpyrene in cigarette smoke

Aflatoxin from Aspergillus fungus growing on corn

AT GC TA GC CG

AT GC

TA GC CG

AT GC CG TA GC CG

Daunarubicin (anti-cancer drug)

Bleomycin (anti-cancer drug produced by Streptomyces)

Protein Synthesis and Mutation

Steps in Translation of mRNA Initiation, Elongation, Termination Point mutation (base substitutions) Missense mutation Nonsense mutation (premature stop) Silent mutation Frameshift mutation Dramatic change in amino acids Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.) Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)

Insertions/deletions

The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis) Spontaneous mutation Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp) Base pair changers (nitrous acid) Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil) Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene) X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases UV light causes knots in DNA strand Chemical mutagens

Radiation

Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.

Mutation: Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing radiation (X rays, gamma rays, UV light) causes the formation of ions that can react with nucleotides and the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone. Nucleotide excision repairs mutations

X-rays and Gamma Rays Cause Breaks in DNA

Ionizing Radiation: UV
UV radiation causes thymine dimers, which block replication. Light-repair separates thymine dimers Sometimes the repair job introduces the wrong nucleotide, leading to a point mutation.
Figure 8.20

Mismatch and SOS/Light Repair: Error Prone

RecA

Protein Synthesis and Mutation

Steps in Translation of mRNA Initiation, Elongation, Termination Point mutation (base substitutions) Missense mutation Nonsense mutation (premature stop) Silent mutation Frameshift mutation Dramatic change in amino acids Run-ons, premature stops (nonsense mut.) Mutation(Permanent, heritable DNA changes)

Insertions/deletions

The Creation of Mutation (mutagenesis) Spontaneous mutation Occurs in DNA replication (1 in 109 bp) Base pair changers (nitrous acid) Base analogues (e.g.. 5 bromouracil) Frameshift mutagens (aflatoxin, benzpyrene) X rays, gamma rays break DNA, bases UV light causes knots in DNA strand Chemical mutagens

Radiation

Proteins are made by translation of genetic instructions by a ribosome. Mutations in the genetic instructions usually changes the resultant protein with deleterious effects.