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BEHAVIOUR IS CAUSED BY INSTINCTS, GENETIC BACKGROUND AND PERSONALITY TRAITS THAT ARE FORMED AT AN EARLY STAGE. ALTHOUGH CHANGE IS POSSIBLE BUT IS DIFFICULT BEHAVIOUR IS MOSTLY LEARNED THROUGH INTERACTION WITH ENVIRONMENT. PRESENT RATHER THAN PAST EVENTS ARE IMPORTANT. ONE IS CAPABLE OF CHANGE
MODELS OF OB
AUTOCRATIC
BASIS OF MODEL POWER
CUSTODIAL
ECONOMIC RESOURCES
SUPPORTIVE
LEADERSHIP
COLLEGIAL
PARTNERSHIP
SYSTEM
TRUST/ COMMUNITY/ MEANING CARING/ COMPASSION
MANAGERIAL ORIENTATION
AUTHORITY
MONEY
SUPPORT
TEAMWORK
EMPLOYEE ORIENTATION
OBEDIENCE
JOB PERFORMANCE
RESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR
PSYCHOLOGIC AL OWNERSHIP
EMPLOYEE
PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEPENDENCE ON BOSS
ORGANISATION
DEPENDENCE ON
PARTICIPATION
SELFDISCIPLINE
SELFMOTIVATION
SUBSISTENCE
SECURITY
ACTUALISATION
SELF-
WIDE RANGE
PERFORMANCE RESULT
MINIMUM
PASSIVE COOPERATION
AWAKENED DRIVES
MODERATE ENTHUSIASM
GOALS
Enduring thoughts
Feelings
Behaviors
Actions
PERSONALITY
An individuals unique patterns of enduring thoughts, feelings, behaviors and actions that persists over time and across situations and that characterize a person
What is Personality?
The inner psychological characteristics that determine and reflect how a person responds to his or her environment.
Adapted from "An Introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its Applications" by Robert R. McCrae and Oliver P. John. From Journal of Personality, 60:2, pp. 175-216.
PERSONALITY INCLUDES
EXTERNAL APPEARANCES AND BEHAVIOUR INNER AWARENESS OF SELF AS A PERMANENT ORGANISING FORCE THE PARTICULAR ORGANISATION OF MEASURABLE TRAITS, BOTH INNER AND OUTER
DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY
BIOLOGICAL
(HEREDITY, BRAIN, PHYSICAL FEATURES)
CULTURAL
FAMILY
(SOCIALISATION, IDENTIFICATION)
SITUATIONAL
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
Freuds term for his theory of personality and his therapy for treating psychological disorders Freud believed that there are three levels of awareness in consciousness: the conscious, the preconscious, and the unconscious Freud focused on the unconsciousdrives, desires, needs, and conflicts which we are unaware of guide behavior Freuds view of humanity is deterministic (little free will) and pessimistic
Preconscious
The thoughts, feelings, and memories that a person is not consciously aware of at the moment but that may be brought to consciousness
Unconscious
For Freud, the primary motivating force of behavior, containing repressed memories as well as instincts and wishes that have never been conscious
CAR LUNCH
TRUCK LUNCH
The Unconscious
Deep dark sea of secret urges, wishes, and drives. --Kassin Motivated by two instincts:
1. Life Instincts: Food, water, sex.
2. Death Instinct: Self-destructive impulses. Return to a calmer state. Directed aggression toward others.
three
systems
of
Ego
The rational, largely conscious system of personality, which operates according to the reality principle
Superego
The moral system of the personality, which consists of the conscience and the ego ideal
The Id
It is the most primitive part of personality. Unconscious reservoir of instincts, and libido (instinctual force/unresponsive to demands of reality) Operates on the pleasure principle! Like an infant --- immediate gratification!
Id
Contains primitive drives or instincts including life instincts eros and death instincts thanatos libido: energy generated by the sexual drive, a life instinct pleasure principle: the id seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain primary process thought: id operates on a very basic primitive type of thought. The id is mostly unconscious
The Superego
Our conscience, moral values. The internalization of societal rules, regulations. What we would like to be - goals and ambitions. Superego forces the ego to consider ideal behaviors (how we ought to behave). It judges our actions, gives us guilt or pride.
Superego Operates at all 3 levels of consciousness Contains the internalized values of family and society It is highly moralistic, like a strict parent
GUILT
originates in the superego EGO IDEAL - part of the superego, an idealized image of what we think we should be
The Ego
Conscious perceptions, thoughts, memories. The gatekeeper of personality. Makes decisions about the pleasures pursued by the id and the moral dictates of the superego. Operates on the reality principle! Develops during childhood experiences with social surroundings/responsibilities.
Reality principle: ego strives to satisfy id needs within the constraints of the real world and the superego Secondary process thought: ego uses a more sophisticated, realistic way of thinking and solving problems
Gratification
ID System 1
EGO System 3
SUPEREGO System 2
Sigmund Freud
Consumer researchers using Freuds personality theory see consumer purchases as a reflection and extension of the consumers own personality
Carl Jung
Disagreed with Freud
the sexual instinct is not the main factor in personality the personality is not almost completely formed in early childhood
Argued that people are born with a general life force for:
Growth-oriented resolutions of conflicts The productive blending of basic impulses with real-world demands
Personal unconscious
Collective unconscious
Personal unconscious
Contains each individuals repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas
Collective unconscious
Contains images and ideas (archetypes) that are common to all humans. These have developed over our evolutionary history and are present at birth
SOME ARCHETYPES
Mother: a protective presence, source of life Hero: one who overcomes Persona: our public self (literally mask) Anima: The expression of feminine traits in the male (love, nurturance, sensitivity) Animus: The expression of masculine traits in the female (assertiveness, competitiveness) Shadow: similar to Freuds id, the dark side of our personality Self: Functions as a mid-point of personality. Exists at birth as an archetype that is a prototypal image of the latent purpose of human nature.
Sensing - tells us something exist Thinking - tells us what something is Feeling - tells of if it is agreeable or not Intuiting - provides hunched when facts are absent
Thinking and feeling use judgment are are Rational Functions Sensing and intuiting use perception are are Irrational Functions
Temperaments
SP (sanguine, artist) SJ (melancholy, guardian) NT (choleric, rational) NF (phlegmatic, idealistic)
INTROVERT
LIKES QUIET/CONCENTRATION METICULOUS. DISLIKES SWEEPING STATEMENTS. HAVE TROUBLE IN REMEMBERING NAMES AND FACES DONOT MIND WORKING ON SINGLE PROJECT FOR LONGER TIME INTERESTED IN IDEAS OF DISLIKES TELEPHONE INTRUISION AND INTERRUPTIONS
INTUITIVE
LIKES SOLVING NEW PROBLEMS
THINKING TYPE
DONOT SHOW EMOTION READILY AND ARE OFTEN UNCOMFORTABLE DEALING WITH PEOPLES FEELING MAY HURT PEOLES FEELINGS WITHOUT KNOWING IT LIKES ANALYSIS AND PUTTING THINGS INTO LOGICAL ORDER. CAN GET ALONG WITHOUT HARMONY TEND TO DECIDE IMPERSONALLY, SOMETIMES PAYING INSUFFICIENT ATTENTION TO PEOPLES WISHED
FEELING TYPE
TEND TO BE VERY AWRE OF OTHER PEOPLE AND THEIR FEELING
JUDGING TYPE
PERCEPTIVE TYPES
WORK BEST WHEN CAN PLAN WORK ADAPT WELL TO CHANGE AND FOLLOW THE PLAN LIKE TO GET THINGS SETTLED AND DONOT MIND LEAVING THINGS FINISHED OPEN FOR ALTERATION MAY DECIDE THINGS TOO QUICKLY MAY HAVE TROUBLE MAKING DECISIONS DISLIKE TO INTERRUPT THE PROJECT START TOO MANY PROJECTS AND HAVE DIFFICULTY TO FINISH THEM MAY NOT NOTICE NEW THINGS THAT MAY POSTPONE UNPLEASANT NEED TO BE DONE THINGS WANT ONLY ESSENTIALS NEEDED TO WANT TO KNOW ALL ABOUT A NEW BEGIN THEIR WORK JOB TEND TO BE SATISFIED ONCE THEY TEND TO BE CURIOUS AND REACH A JUGGMENT WELCOME NEW INFORMATION
Extravert-Feeling Type
Concerned with tradition, standards and values Focus on interpersonal relationships Responds emotionally to objective reality
Extravert-Sensing Type
Interested in facts and concrete reality Oriented toward the here-and-now Pragmatic and hardheaded Relies on intuition and hunched Little concern with the conventions and morality of others Can be imaginative and creative Gamblers, entrepreneurs, speculators
Extravert-Intuiting Type
Concerned with abstraction, theory and questions Relates to world in a highly subjective, creative way Inventors and philosophers Oriented towards subjective factors Difficulty conforming and accepting views of others Often viewed as egotistical and defensive
Introvert-Feeling Type
Introvert-Intuiting Type