Chapter 3

Chapter 3:
Planning Network Protocols
and Compatibility
 Learning Objectives
Chapter 3

■ Explain basic network concepts,

including network terms, types of
networks, and network cards
■ Explain the NDIS and ODI network
driver specifications
■ Explain the communications protocols
used in Windows 2000 Server, including
TCP/IP, NWLink, NetBEUI, DLC, and
AppleTalk
Learning Objectives (continued)
Chapter 3

■ Plan network binding order, change the

binding order, and bind and unbind
protocols
■ Plan how to implement protocols on
different types of networks
 Protocol
Chapter 3

■ A protocol consists of guidelines for:

◆ How data is formatted into discrete units
called packets and frames
◆ How packets and frames are transmitted
across one or more networks
◆ How packets and frames are interpreted at
the receiving end
 General Sections in Packets
and Frames Chapter 3

■ Header – contains routing information

and controls how the packet is
transmitted
■ Data
■ Trailer or footer – used mainly for error
correction
■ Used in much the same was as a postal
address is used to mail a letter
 Packet and Frame Format
Chapter 3

Header with source, Variable-length data Footer with

destination, and routing error data
information

Figure 3-1 Basic packet and frame format

 Wide Area Network
Chapter 3

■ Wide Area Network (WAN): A far-

reaching system of networks that can
extend across state lines and across
continents.
■ WANs are usually connected by
relatively slow speed communication
links such as a T-1 or frame relay
circuit.
 Network Interface Card
Communication Medium OptionsChapter 3

■ Coaxial cable (thick

and thinnet)
■ Twisted-pair
(shielded and
unshielded)
■ Fiber-optic
■ Wireless (infrared,
radio wave,
microwave, satellite)
 Ethernet and Token Ring
Chapter 3

■ Ethernet: A network transport system

that uses a carrier sensing and collision
detection method to regulate data
transmissions
■ Token ring: A network transport method
that uses a token, which is passed from
node to node, to coordinate data
transmissions
 NDIS
Chapter 3

■ Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS):

A set of standards developed by Microsoft
and 3COM for network drivers that enables
communication between a NIC and a
protocol, and that enables the use of multiple
protocols on the same network
■ Using NDIS, any NIC adapter maker can write
a driver that can communicate with any
protocol stack program (such as TCP/IP).
 NDIS Architecture
Chapter 3

Network protocol (such as TCP/IP)

Windows 2000 with NDIS

driver installed binding the
protocol with the NIC

Network interface card

Figure 3-5 Binding a protocol to a NIC

 ODI
Chapter 3

■ Open Datalink Interface (ODI): A driver

interface that is used by Novell NetWare
networks to transport multiple protocols
on the same network
 Microsoft-Supported
Communication Protocols Chapter 3

■ TCP/IP – universal, flexible, routable protocol

■ NWLink – MS version of IPX/SPX protocol
■ NetBEUI – Data transport protocol used on
small MS based networks.
■ DLC – IBM Mainframe, minicomputers, and
printers
■ AppleTalk
■ NetBIOS – Not a protocol. Used as a
method for interfacing software with network
services. Also provides a naming convention
on Windows networks.
 TCP/IP
Chapter 3

■ Consists of two main components

◆ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) –
Transports data and performs extensive
error checking to ensure that data is
delivered successfully
◆ Internet Protocol (IP) - rules for routing
data between networks and ensuring that it
reaches the correct destination address
 TCP/IP Addressing
Chapter 3

■ Dotted Decimal Notation:

Notation An addressing
technique that uses four octets
(134.22.101.125)
■ Each server, workstation, or other network
devices must have a unique IP address to
communicate with other nodes.
■ All dotted decimal notation is eventually
converted to binary by the protocol stack:
100000110.00010110.01100101.01111101
 Subnet Mask
Chapter 3

■ Subnet mask: used to indicate the class

of addressing (A, B or C) used on a
network and to divide a network into
subnetworks as a way to control traffic
and enforce security
■ Class A – 255.0.0.0
■ Class B – 255.255.0.0
■ Class C – 255.255.255.0
Configuring the IP Address and
Subnet Mask in Windows 2000 Chapter 3

Figure 3-7 IP address and subnet mask setup

 Static and Dynamic Addressing
Chapter 3

■ Dynamic addressing: Involves

automatically assigning an IP address
to workstation or server, usually via a
DHCP server.
■ Static addressing: Involves manually
assigning an IP address and subnet
mask to a workstation or server.
 TCP/IP Advantages
Chapter 3

■ Well-suited for medium and large networks

■ Designed for routing between networks; has
high degree of reliability and scalability
■ Used worldwide for directly connecting to the
Internet and by Web servers
■ Used to connect to a wide variety of other
computer systems such as IBM Mainframe
and Unix.
■ Compatible with Microsoft Windows Sockets
 TCP/IP Disadvantages
Chapter 3

■ More difficult to set up and maintain

than other protocols
■ Somewhat slower than IPX/SPX and
NetBEUI on networks with light to
medium traffic
 Routing via TCP/IP
Chapter 3

E th e r n e t
E th e rn e t

T r a n s m itte d F ra m e
fra m e fo r w a r d e d
to th e r ig h t
n e tw o rk b y
T C P /IP - b a s e d th e ro u te r
in tr a n e t s e r v e r

R o u te r

E th e r n e t E th e rn e t

Figure 3-8
F ra m e
Router forwarding re a c h e s th e
d e s ig n a te d
w o rk s ta tio n
packets to a E th e rn e t

designated network
 Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite Chapter 3

■ TCP – A connection oriented protocol that is

used with IP for reliable end-to-end
communications
■ UDP – Used as an alternative to TCP in
situations where speed of delivery is more
important than error checking
■ IP – Handles all addressing and routing
■ Telnet – application protocol that provides
terminal emulation
■ FTP – download files from remote hosts
■ SMTP – transfer electronic mail messages
 Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite Chapter 3

■ DNS – resolves host names to IP addresses

on the internet or intranet. Windows 2000
offers dynamic DNS services.
■ ARP – Resolves IP addresses to the physical
(MAC) address of a destination host
■ SNMP – Used to gather statistics on network
performance and to locate network problems.
■ IGMP – Multicasting
■ ICMP – Network error reporting (ping and
traceroute utilities)
 Protocols and Applications
in the TCP/IP Suite (continued) Chapter 3

■ RIP – used by routers to share network

information (route tables sent to every router
every 30 seconds)
■ OSPF – Similar to RIP, but more efficient.
Uses multicasting to send updates to other
routers. Only changes are sent, not the entire
routing table.
■ HTTP – transport for HTML documents
 IPX/SPX and NWLink
Chapter 3

■ IPX: A connectionless protocol developed by

Novell for use with its NetWare server
operating system
■ SPX: A connection-oriented protocol used on
Novell networks when there is a particular
need for reliable delivery
■ NWLink - A network protocol that simulates the
IPX/SPX protocol for Microsoft Windows
communications with Novell NetWare file
servers and compatible devices
 Client Service for
NetWare (CSNW) Components Chapter 3

■ CSNW is used on Windows 2000

Server to enable communication with
Novell Netware systems
■ CSNW has three components:
◆ Client
Service for NetWare
◆ NWLink IPX/SPX
◆ NWLink NetBIOS
 CSNW Installed in
Windows 2000 Chapter 3

Figure 3-9 Windows 2000 with CSNW components installed

 Configuring NWLink
Chapter 3

■ Configure three elements:

◆ Frame type
◆ Network number
◆ Internal network number
 When to Use NWLink
Chapter 3

■ To enable a computer running Windows

2000 to access a NetWare IPX server
■ To set up Windows 2000 as a gateway
to a NetWare server
■ To enable NetWare clients to access a
Windows 2000 server
 Planning Tip
Chapter 3

■ If your NetWare server is version 5.x or

higher, convert from IPX/SPX to TCP/IP
for better network communication
options and better compatibility with
Windows 2000 servers
 NetBIOS and NetBEUI
Chapter 3

■ NetBIOS – Network Basic Input/Output

System: A combination software
interface and network naming
convention (not a protocol)
■ NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User
Interface: A non-routable
communications protocol native to early
Microsoft network communications
 When to Use NetBEUI
Chapter 3

■ For temporary backward compatibility

when converting from Windows NT
Server to Windows 2000 Server
■ For small networks that do not have
Internet access, that do not use the
Active Directory, or require routing.
■ For backward compatibility with
particular applications
 Binding Order
Chapter 3

■ Windows NT and Windows 2000 enable

you to set a binding order which
establishes the protocol that will be tried
first in a network communication (or a
communication with a network printer)
■ You should put the most frequently
used protocol or service first in your
binding order.
 Considerations in Selecting
the Right Protocol(s) Chapter 3

■ Routing needs
■ Size of the network in terms of connections
■ Presence of Windows 2000 servers
■ Presence of mainframes and other computers
that use SNA
■ Presence of NetWare servers
■ Access to the Internet or intranets
 Chapter Summary
Chapter 3

■ Protocols are the life blood of a network,

thus plan their use carefully.
■ The Microsoft NDIS driver enables
using one or more protocols such as
TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, NetBEUI, DLC, and
AppleTalk.
■ For modern networking TCP/IP
implementations are preferred.
 Chapter Summary
Chapter 3

■ Plan to use only the protocols

necessary.
■ Tune network binding order in Windows
NT and Windows 2000 operating
systems to enhance network
performance.