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The study of the composition, structure & properties of materials & the changes they undergo.
6 Branches of Chemistry
Analytical: composition, separation & identification of materials.
Quantitative - measurements Qualitative - describe w/out measurements
6 Branches of Chemistry-cont.
Physical: physical props of materials & rxn mechanisms Biochemistry: materials & processes in living things Nuclear: subatomic particles & nuclear rxns
Scientific Method
1) Observing
State the facts; dont infer
2) Hypothesizing
Classify, categorize Temporary explanation
3) Theorizing
Repeatedly tested model
4) Testing
Validate, modify or discard theory
5) Law
Summarizes broad spectrum of experiments & observations
The type and the arrangement of particles determines the properties of the chemical.
Malleability
Conductivity
Matter- cont.
Compounds- composed of more than 1 kind of atom joined together chemically; always in definite ratios
Evidence of Particles
Diffusion - spontaneous spreading of particles until evenly distributed
[HIGH] -> [LOW]
Brownian Motion - random motion of particles due to their bombardment by molecular particles
Liquids
Definite volume: take shape of container Particles move: slide or flow Weaker attractive forces
& Plasma
Bose-Einstein Condensate
What is temperature anyway???
Measurement of average kinetic energy of a system! Hot = high KE = fast moving particles Cold = low KE = slow moving particles
Quantum Blob
Particles are fuzzy and begin to overlap quantum mechanics
Changes of State
Phase changes = kinetic E changes
Melting - ^ heat = ^ kinetic E = ^ vibration
Particles expand Weaker attraction -> slide, flow
Compressing a gas ^ pressure & decrease space When particles are close enough, attraction pulls them into a liquid state
Exo: Outside
A reaction in which energy is released Gets HOT or give off LIGHT
Endo: within
Reaction where energy is absorbed
Gets COLD Example: Ice Packs (NH4NO3)
Chemical Reactions
Reactants -> (change to or yield) Products Activation energy - min. amt. of E to start a chemical rxn Catalyst - a chem sub th speeds up a rxn w/out being consumed
Decreases activation E Often a transition metal Place over arrow in an equation
Collision Theory
The more successful collisions (right E & orientation), the more products produced!
Separating Mixtures
Separating Solids fr Liquids - for suspensions
Filtering Centifuging Evaporating the solvent Crystallizing - evaporate some solvent & cool; solute will ppt. out
Unsaturated - a soln th is able to dissolve more solute Saturated - added soluted will not dissolve
^ temp = ^ amount of dissolving
Supersaturated - contains more solute than a sat soln can normally hold
Very unstable- tends to precipitate (ppt) excess solute
Solubility
Depends on temp. Solubility - max. amt of a sub th will dissolve in 100g of water at a specified temp ** varies widely for diff subs. For solids: generally solubility ^ w/ ^ temp Calculating Solubility - expressed as --g/100 g of water at --- temp.
Solubility - cont.
Solubility Curves
Graph of solubility (g/100 gH2O) vs. Temp Find solubility at various temps
Other Solvents
Alcohol, acetone, gasoline, trichlorethane, etc. Volatile - evaporate easily at room temp ** flammable & toxic