UNIT I Packet, Lecture Outline Notes

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World (4,000,000 B.C. 2,500 B.C.)

Mr. Loessin; Akins H. S.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I.

Human Origins In Africa A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins

1. prehistory the time before humans began recording their events 2. archaeologists scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists dont study the human skeletal remains, they study the remains humans left behind their settlements, their objects. Can you break the word down?

-ology = the study of Archae- = old things

Careers In Social Studies

Heres a Reading Enrichment idea:

Archaeology magazine is available at local bookstores and through your Akins library.

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I.

Human Origins In Africa A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins

1. prehistory the time before humans began recording their events 2. archaeologists scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists dont study the human skeletal remains, they study the remains humans left behind their settlements, their objects.

Mary Leakey 1913-1996 was one of the world's most famous hunters of early human fossils, credited with many discoveries that have changed the way scientists view human evolution. She is considered the preeminent contributor to the field of human origins.

-ology = the study of Archae = old things

The Leakey Family Famous Archaeologists
Marys son, Richard Leakey

Marys daughter Meave Leakey recently impressed the world with her 1999 discovery of a 3.5 millionyear-old skull.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I.

Human Origins In Africa A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins

1. prehistory the time before humans began recording their events 2. archaeologists scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists dont study the human skeletal remains, they study the remains humans left behind their settlements, their objects.

-ology = the study of Archae = old things

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I.

Human Origins In Africa A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins

1. prehistory before humans began recording past events 2. archaeologists scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists dont study the human skeletal remains, they study the remains humans left behind their settlements, their objects.

-ology = the study of Archae = old things

3. artifacts remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I.

Human Origins In Africa A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins

1. prehistory before humans began recording past events 2. archaeologists scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements. 3. artifacts remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects. 4. anthropologists scientists who study the cultural behaviors of humankind.
Careers In Social Studies

-ology = Anthro- =
Anthropology has many branches of study.

the study of man

- physical anthropology, also known as biological anthropology, studies primate behavior, human evolution, and population genetics. - cultural anthropology, also known as social anthropology, studies the social networks formed by our ancestors, their social behaviors, kinship patterns, politics, beliefs, patterns in production and consumption, and other ways they expressed their culture. - linguistic anthropology studies variation in human languages across time and geographic regions, the uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture. - forensic anthropology analyzes skeletal remains in to determine how people might have lived or died.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I.

Human Origins In Africa A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins

1. prehistory before humans began recording past events 2. archaeologists scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements. 3. artifacts remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects. 4. anthropologists scientists who study the cultural behaviors of humankind. 5. culture a peoples unique way of life. Forms of Expression Art / Music

CULTURE

Relationships Family / social life

Forms of Communication Language / Symbols

Rituals
Customs / Traditions / Beliefs

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I.

Human Origins In Africa A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins

1. prehistory before humans began recording past events 2. archaeologists scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements. 3. artifacts remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects. 4. anthropologists scientists who study the cultural behaviors of humankind. 5. culture a peoples unique way of life. 6. paleontologist scientists who study how life developed on earth based on studies of fossils.
Careers In Social Studies

Poop, anyone?

-ology = the study of Paleo- = old period

Its not always fossilized bones! Some of you may not be cut out for this vocation!

Besides bones, one of the things paleontologists examine quite often is .well, poop! Thats right, fossilized feces (coprolites) can be quite revealing about our ancestors diet and eating habits, what chemical elements they may have been exposed to, their health, diseases, and life spans.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)

B. Discovery of early hominids 1. hominids humans and our human-like ancestors that walked upright.

How do we know all Humans originated in Africa?

The scientific evidence! All of the oldest hominid fossils those dating back farther than 3 million years have been found in only one place on earth the fossil-rich region known as the Great Rift Valley of Africa. Here is where man began.

Check out these websites guaranteed to wow you!

http://www.archaeologyinfo.com - Click on Human Ancestry amazing graphics and interactive opportunities for ya! http://www.becominghuman.org - the official website of archaeologist Donald Johanson and his Institute of Human Origins.

Both sites do a great job of explaining what we now know about humankinds evolution.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)

B. Discovery of early hominids 1. hominids humans and our human-like ancestors that walked upright. 2. Australopithecine a. one of the earliest human ancestors (hominids)
the missing link why?

i. A locking knee joint allowed it to walk upright a biped! ii. An opposable thumb allowed it to grasp items and make tools

Father of Evolution Theory

1809 - 1882

Charles Darwin theorized that humans and apes must have shared a common ancestor that had both human and apelike physical characteristics in his book The Origin of Species (1859)

For over 100 years scientists have sought to find the remains of such a missing link in our human family tree. When Lucy, the skeleton of an Australopithecine was discovered in the 1970s by archaeologist Donald Johanson, it was proclaimed to be the long-anticipated missing link.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)

B. Discovery of early hominids 1. hominids humans and our human-like ancestors that walked upright. 2. Australopithecine a. one of the earliest human ancestors
The missing link why?

i. A locking knee joint allowed it to walk upright a biped! ii. An opposable thumb allowed it to grasp items and make tools

Father of Evolution Theory

b. Lived 4 million 1 million years ago

1809 - 1882

Charles Darwin theorized that humans and apes must have shared a common ancestor that had both human and apelike physical characteristics in his book The Origin of Species (1859)

For over 100 years scientists have sought to find the remains of such a missing link in our human family tree. When Lucy, the skeleton of an Australopithecine was discovered in the 1970s by archaeologist Donald Johanson, it was proclaimed to be the long-anticipated missing link.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)

B. Discovery of early hominids 1. hominids humans and our human-like ancestors that walked upright. 2. Australopithecine a. one of the earliest human ancestors
The missing link why?

i. A locking knee joint allowed it to walk upright a biped! ii. An opposable thumb allowed it to grasp items and make tools

Father of Evolution Theory

b. Lived around 4 million 1 million B.C. c. Discovered in Great Rift of east Africa
1809 - 1882

Charles Darwin theorized that humans and apes must have shared a common ancestor that had both human and apelike physical characteristics in his book The Origin of Species (1859)

For over 100 years scientists have sought to find the remains of such a missing link in our human family tree. When Lucy, the skeleton of an Australopithecine was discovered in the 1970s by archaeologist Donald Johanson, it was proclaimed to be the long-anticipated missing link.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)

B. Discovery of early hominids 1. hominids humans and our human-like ancestors that walked upright. 2. Australopithecine a. one of the earliest human ancestors
The missing link why?

i. A locking knee joint allowed it to walk upright a biped! ii. An opposable thumb allowed it to grasp items and make tools

Father of Evolution Theory

b. Lived around 4 million 1 million B.C. c. Discovered in Great Rift of East Africa d. Footprints of one were first found by Mary Leakey in Tanzania

1809 - 1882

Charles Darwin theorized that humans and apes must have shared a common ancestor that had both human and apelike physical characteristics in his book The Origin of Species (1859)

For over 100 years scientists have sought to find the remains of such a missing link in our human family tree. When Lucy, the skeleton of an Australopithecine was discovered in the 1970s by archaeologist Donald Johanson, it was proclaimed to be the long-anticipated missing link.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)

B. Discovery of early hominids 1. hominids humans and our human-like ancestors that walked upright. 2. Australopithecine a. one of the earliest human ancestors
The missing link why?

i. A locking knee joint allowed it to walk upright a biped! ii. An opposable thumb allowed it to grasp items and make tools

Father of Evolution Theory

b. Lived around 4 million 1 million B.C. c. Discovered in Great Rift of East Africa d. Footprints of one first found by Mary Leakey in Tanzania e. Female skeletal remains of one found by Donald Johanson in Hadar, Ethiopia in 1974
Let us now meet Donald Johanson, the discoverer of Lucy Please watch Video

1809 - 1882

Charles Darwin theorized that humans and apes must have shared a common ancestor that had both human and apelike physical characteristics in his book The Origin of Species (1859)

For over 100 years scientists have sought to find the remains of such a missing link in our human family tree. When Lucy, the skeleton of an Australopithecine was discovered in the 1970s by archaeologist Donald Johanson, it was proclaimed to be the long-anticipated missing link.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)

2. Australopithecine a. one of the earliest human ancestors

The missing link why?

i. A locking knee joint allowed it to walk upright a biped! ii. An opposable thumb allowed it to grasp items and make tools

b. Lived around 4 million 1 million B.C. c. Discovered in Great Rift of East Africa d. Footprints of one first found by Mary Leakey in Tanzania e. Female skeletal remains of one found by Donald Johanson in Hadar, Ethiopia in 1974
The Scientific Discovery of the Century! Johanson discovered a primate that was in every way ape-like except for one huge difference a locking knee joint! that enabled it to walk upright. This part ape / part human creature was the missing link.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)

2. Australopithecine a. one of the earliest human ancestors

The missing link why?

i. A locking knee joint allowed it to walk upright a biped! ii. An opposable thumb allowed it to grasp items and make tools

b. Lived around 4 million 1 million B.C. c. Discovered in Great Rift of East Africa d. Footprints of one first found by Mary Leakey in Tanzania
Leakeys discovery was also important. She discovered footprints (with arches!) at Laetoli in Tanzania. Only a creature who was a biped (walked upright) would have arches in his feet! These footprints were as old as Lucys skeleton, 3.5 million years old. Leaky and Johanson agreed to name their new find on the human family tree the Australopithecine.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)

2. Australopithecine a. one of the earliest human ancestors

Hint: Short Answer Question on Test next Monday! The missing link why?

i. A locking knee joint allowed it to walk upright a biped! ii. An opposable thumb allowed it to grasp items and make tools

b. Lived around 4 million 1 million B.C. c. Discovered in Great Rift of East Africa d. Footprints of one first found by Mary Leakey in Tanzania e. Female skeletal remains of one found by Donald Johanson in Hadar, Ethiopia in 1974

Which of our ancestors comes along next?

See your packet chart, p. 6

Australopithecus Homo Habilis

The genus Homo- follows the Australopithecus on the human family tree. (See graphic below.) Using his brain now to make tools, etc. may help explain why a great amount of brain-size expansion is now observed in the new Homo- line of ancestors.

Check out this animated graphic below:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/evolution/shockwave.html

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa B. Discovery of early hominids 3. Homo Habilis

(Lecture Notes continued)

a. Second oldest form of early humans b. from 2.5 million to 1.5 million B.C. c. First to make stone tools
Technology ways of applying knowledge, tools and objects, inventions to meet our needs.

Why this name? Homo- = man Habilis = ability

Because this is the first of our human ancestors believed to have the ability to make stone tools.

d. Have been found only in E. Africa

Early Homo Habilis tools scrapers, bone points, etc.

Which of our ancestors comes along next?

See your packet chart, p. 6

Australopithecus Homo Habilis

Homo Erectus
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

Note that our old friend Homo Habilis was co-existing with a few other descendants of Lucys kind the Australopithecus. About 1 million years ago the last of the Australopithecus species were dying out and our new Homo- genus types were evolving this new man was evolving / changing particularly in height and upright posture. This human ancestor is Mr. Homo Erectus!

Check out this animated graphic below:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/evolution/shockwave.html

PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (Lecture Notes continued) B. Discovery of early hominids 4. Homo Erectus

Why this name? Homo- = man Erectus = upright

The height increased greatly in this species, some remains were calculated to be taller than 5'5", which is more than a foot taller than remains of the Homo habilis. The fossils have been found in large quantities, proving the strength of this species given its new upright posture. Such posture provided better mobility, the ability to carry loads while moving, and increased hunting skill.

a. From 1.6 million to 300,000 B.C. b. More intelligent and adaptable than Homo Habilis c. Remains have been found in Africa, Europe, and Asia d. First to migrate out of Africa
(settlements found in India, China, SE Asia, and southern Europe)

e. First to use fire

(moved out of Africa into cooler regions as Ice Age receded fire provided warmth, cook food, frighten animals)

f. First to have the beginnings of spoken language

( ?? theory lacks strong evidence)

Which of our ancestors comes along next?

See your packet chart, p. 6

While our old friend Homo Erectus was around for about a million years, he began to coexist with an archaic form of Homo Sapiens (Homo heidelbergensis). Later would also arrive on the scene a divergent branch of Homo Sapiens known as the Neandertals (Homo neanderthalensis). And finally, less than 50,000 years ago, modern Homo Sapiens (Cro Magnon) arrvied.

Check out this animated graphic below:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/evolution/shockwave.html

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (Lecture Notes continued) B. Discovery of early hominids 5. Homo Sapien a. Neanderthal man early type Why this name? Homo- = man Sapien = wise
This skull of the early archaic form of Homo Sapien shows their brain size increased and their skull encasing also became more rounded than the skull of the Homo erectus. They also had a much steeper forehead than previous species, which hints that the brain itself had more emphasis on the forebrain. This is a very interesting observation since this sector of the brain is responsible for planning and reasoning, movements of limbs, speech, as well as social conduct, which modern day humans are much more advanced in.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (Lecture Notes continued) B. Discovery of early hominids 5. Homo Sapien Why this name? a. Neanderthal man early type Neander is a valley in Germany where a first i. From 200,000 30,000 B.C. fossil discovery of this not around very long! species was accidentally ii. Found in Neander valley in found in the 1800s. Germany and SW Asia iii. first to have religious rituals / Neanderthal were around belief in an after-life during the end of the Ice Age, and were very adapted to buried their dead living in this cold environment. They were short in iv. Slanted brow, thick bones, stature averaging about 5'5" and had short arms and powerfully built legs. This condensed body shape helped to conserve heat. They also had an amazing projection in their v. Lived in caves or shelters
nasal cavity to warm the cold frigid air before entering their bodies. Their brain was larger than modern humans, but that doesnt mean they were smarter larger body frames usually have more brain mass, this does not imply intelligence. The bones of this species are large and they were thick-skinned, muscular again, evolving this way to survive their particular environment.

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (Lecture Notes continued) B. Discovery of early hominids 5. Homo Sapien
a. Neanderthal man early type i. From 200,000 30,000 B.C. ii. Found in Neander valley in Germany and SW Asia iii. first to have belief in an after-life iv. Slanted brow, thick, powerfully built v. Lived in caves or shelters

Why this name?

Our closest ancestor, Cro-Magnon mans first fossil findings were found in 1868 in the cro-magnon cave of Dordogne, France. Cro-Magnon probably developed in SW Asia, migrated to Europe, co-existed with Neanderthal man for a time (eventually they drove the Neandertals into exctinction) and flourished in southern Europe during the last glacial age. They were anatomically identical to modern humans they were tall (avg. 59); skull had no brow ridges - was thin, rounded, with a high forehead; and had a projecting chin.

b. Cro-Magnon man i. 40,000 3,000 B.C. (Prehistory ends) ii. identical to modern humans

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa (Lecture Notes continued) B. Discovery of early hominids 5. Homo Sapien
a. Neanderthal man early type i. From 200,000 30,000 B.C. ii. Found in Neander valley in Germany and SW Asia iii. first to have belief in an after-life iv. Slanted brow, thick, powerfully built v. Lived in caves or shelters

b. Cro-Magnon man

i. ii. iii. iv.

40,000 3,000 B.C. (Prehistory ends) identical to modern humans superior hunters advanced skills in spoken language & Art! They hunted mainly with spears, (bow and arrows came much
later). Cro Magnon made tools from blades of Flint stone, used for preparing animal skins. They made innovations to pierced shells, tooth and bone pendants used for body ornamentation. Their art included figurines of Venus, small statuettes of bone, and they made outline cave wall drawings of woolly mammoths and other animals. Used mammoth fur and bones to construct dwellings and may have hunted the mammoth into extinction.

CHAPTER 1: Early Human Origins to The Neotlithic Revolution to the Birth of Civilization
Millions of years ago

BC 0 AD

Australopithecine Afarensis Australopithecine Africanus Lucy Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens

Crossing the Bering Strait

The Fossil Evidence Speaks For Itself

Bering land bridge into Americas!

Paleo = - lithic =

http://www.handprint.com/LS/ANC/disp.html

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa

(Lecture Notes continued)

C. Stone Ages 1. Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) a. Lasted from about 2.5 million B.C. to 8,000 B.C. b. Oldest stone tools date back to this period. c. All 5 types of early man date back to this period
Australopithecine, Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, both Homo Sapiens (Neanderthal & Cro Magnon)

and they all were Hunter-Gatherers !

Chapter One: The Peopling of the World

I. Human Origins in Africa

(Lecture Notes continued)

C. Stone Ages 1. Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) a. Lasted from about 2.5 million B.C. to 8,000 B.C. b. Oldest stone tools date back to this period. c. All 5 types of early man date back to this period and they all were Hunter-Gatherers !
But then came a Revolution (a great change) in human behavior. Agriculture!

2. New Stone Age (Neolithic Age) a. Lasted from about 8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C. b. Cro-Magnon / Modern Man is from this period c. Advanced tools, ability to make pottery, domestication of animals
and raised crops (AGRICULTURE) farmed their own food!! d. Neolithic Revolution the great change in human behavior when humans shifted from hunting-gathering to growing their own food (agriculture).

Revolution means a dramatic transformation (change in behavior), usually requiring great effort, but producing long-lasting changes.
i.e. Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, American Revolution

2. New Stone Age (Neolithic Age) d. Neolithic Revolution the great change in human behavior when humans changed
from hunting-gathering to growing their own food (agriculture).
Hint: Essay Question on Test next Monday!

led to Cause Effect

Why is this Neolithic Revolution important?

In order to grow crops, humans will have to settle down ! and wait for the seeds / crops to grow. Settling down meant the first human settlements (villages and later, cities!) Once settled, humans tamed animals (goats, cattle, pigs, sheep) > used as beasts of burden, sources of meat protein, milk, hides and fibers for protective clothing. Better diet & food surpluses (grain storage) > increased birth rates, decreased infant mortality rates, increased life expectancies > population explosion > large civilizations. led to Put simply, because humans finally settled down the Neolithic Revolution (Agriculture) led to Civilization!

CHAPTER 1: Early Human Origins to The Neotlithic Revolution to the Birth of Civilization
Millions of years ago

BC 0 AD

Australopithecine Afarensis Australopithecine Africanus Lucy Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Homo Sapiens

CH 1, Section 3: Civilization!
In Section 2, you read about how the development of agriculture led to a major change (a revolution) in human behavior. No longer huntinggathering nomads, humans now began a settled way of life. These human settlements became villages became towns became cities.in other words, civilizations arose. Where do archaeologists believe was the earliest human civilization? Ur
SW Asia
(the Middle East)

Fertile Crescent

CH 1, Section 3: Civilization!
Where do archaeologists believe was the earliest human civilization? Ur (the Sumerians)

Map of the region, 4,000 B.C.

SW Asia
(the Middle East)

Linking the Past to Current Events

What country is located in this area today?

Present-Day Political Map of the region.

Archaeology at work:
When Iraq became controlled by Britain following WWI, Leonard Woolley known as the first modern archaeologist led an expedition funded by the British Museum to excavate at Ur for the first time. In 1928 Woolley discovered a Royal Cemetery filled with remarkable finds.

Harps from Ur (2,600 2,300 B.C)

The Standard of Ur, (ca. 2,650-2,400 B.C.) is one of the most informative Sumerian objects of art that were discovered at Ur.

[Handout] THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION: Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries A. Advanced Cities Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000

Sumerian city life

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power

A.

advanced Cities

B.

The Sumerian city-state of Lagesh produced a remarkable number of statues of its kings as well as Sumerian literary hymns and prayers under the rule of Gudea (ca. 21502125 B.C.)

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B.

complex Institutions

the Education system

Government & Laws

Institution a long-lasting organization in a society. Religious hierarchy, symbols, rituals

Economic system
Sumerian boys being educated as scribes.

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B. organized Institutions

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers, and the sailboat.

C.

Wooden sailboat, modeled after common Sumerian illustrations found near Ur. Reproduction of early Sumerian war chariot

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B. organized Institutions

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers, and the sailboat. Bronze weapons and body armor that gave the Sumerians a military advantage over their enemies.

C.

This heavy gold helmet is exquisitely engraved to reproduce the curls of his hair and the bun at the back of his head. Royal Cemetery of Ur, about 2500 B.C. Iraq Museum, Baghdad.

Spear throwers wearing helmets

More on early Sumerian warfare, http://joseph_berrigan.tripod.com/id46.html

Sumerian clay fragment clearly depicting bronze helmets and even early phalanx formation.

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B. organized Institutions

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers and the sailboat. Bronze weapons and body armor that gave the Sumerians a military C. advantage over their enemies. Engineered construction of ziggurats (huge tiered pyramid-shaped temple monuments)

Interactive ziggurat,
http://www.islamonline.net/english/In_Depth/Iraq_Aftermath/2003/07/article_02.shtml PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B. organized Institutions

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers, and the sailboat. Technology Bronze weapons and body armor that gave the Sumerians a military C. advantage over their enemies. Engineered construction of ziggurats (huge tiered pyramid-shaped temple monuments)

Bronze-Age Weapons Wheel Sailboat

Sumerian Achievements
Plow
Engineered construction of

Sewers

Ziggurats

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B. organized Institutions

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers, and the sailboat. Bronze weapons and body armor that gave the Sumerians a military advantage over their enemies. Engineered construction of ziggurats Sumeria had artisans (skilled workers who make goods by hand) i. e., metalworkers, weavers, potters, tanners

C.

Technology

D.

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B. organized Institutions

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers, and the sailboat. Bronze weapons and body armor that gave the Sumerians a military advantage over their enemies. Engineered construction of ziggurats Sumeria had artisans (skilled workers who make goods by hand) i. e., metalworkers, weavers, potters, tanners Farmers and merchants engaged in trade of their goods Those trained to be priests, soldiers, teachers, government officials, and scribes.

C.

Technology

D.

Scribes recording transactions in the city market.

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B. organized Institutions

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers, and the sailboat. Bronze weapons and body armor that gave the Sumerians a military advantage over their enemies. Engineered construction of ziggurats Sumeria had artisans (skilled workers who make goods by hand) i. e., metalworkers, weavers, potters, tanners Farmers and merchants engaged in trade of their goods Those trained to be priests, soldiers, teachers, government officials, and scribes.

C.

Technology

D. specialized Workers

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B. organized Institutions

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers, and the sailboat. Bronze weapons and body armor that gave the Sumerians a military advantage over their enemies. Engineered construction of ziggurats Sumeria had artisans (skilled workers who make goods by hand) i. e., metalworkers, weavers, potters, tanners Farmers and merchants engaged in trade of their goods Those trained to be priests, soldiers, teachers, government officials, and scribes.
Cuneiform tablets found in Sumeria record business transactions, historical events from their past, their traditions and customs.

C.

Technology

D. specialized Workers

E.

Record-keeping

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

advanced Cities

B. organized Institutions

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers, and the sailboat. Bronze weapons and body armor that gave the Sumerians a military advantage over their enemies. Engineered construction of ziggurats Sumeria had artisans (skilled workers who make goods by hand) i. e., metalworkers, weavers, potters, tanners Farmers and merchants engaged in trade of their goods Those trained to be priests, soldiers, teachers, government officials, and scribes.
Cuneiform tablets found in Sumeria record business transactions, historical events from their past, their traditions and customs.

C.

Technology

D. specialized Workers

E.

Record-keeping

A civilization is a complex culture that has developed, over time, these five characteristics.

Did you know

In its early history, each of the city-states of Sumeria had its own patron god. Ur, for instance, was the earthly home of the moon god, Nanna. And did you know, according to the Hebrew scriptures (the book of Genesis in the Christian Bible) Ur was the birthplace of the biblical patriarch Abraham, who laid the groundwork for the first ever monotheistic religion Judaism.

THE FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIVILIZATION:

Uruk population of about 10,000, doubled in two centuries Lagesh population of about 19,000 Umma population of about 16,000 Formal governments with officials and laws Priests with both religious and political power A rigorous education system for training scribes.

A.

B.

By 3,000 B.C., the Sumerians had developed the wheel, the plow, sewers, and the sailboat. Bronze weapons and body armor that gave the Sumerians a military advantage over their enemies. Engineered construction of ziggurats Sumeria had artisans (skilled workers who make goods by hand) i. e., metalworkers, weavers, potters, tanners Farmers and merchants engaged in trade of their goods Those trained to be priests, soldiers, teachers, government officials, and scribes.
Cuneiform tablets found in Sumeria record business transactions, historical events from their past, their traditions and customs.

C.

D.

E.

A civilization is _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________.