ETX & other routing metrics

References :1. D. De Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, R. Morris, A

High Throughput Path Metric for Multi-Hop Wireless Routing,ACM Mobicom Conference, (September 2003) 2. R. Draves, J. Padhye, B. Zill, Comparisons of routing Click to static multi-hop wireless networks, in: metrics for edit Master subtitle style ACM Annual Conference of the Special Interest Group on Data Communication (SIGCOMM), August 2004, pp. 133?44
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Link-quality Metrics

Hop count shortest path in terms of hops Per-Hop Round trip time round trip delay seen by unicast probes between neighbouring nodes Per-Hop Packet pair delay delay between a pair of back-to-back probes to a neighbouring node Expected Transmission count loss 4/21/12 rate of broadcast packets between

Hop Count

Advantage

Simplicity Least overhead Does not take packet loss or bandwidth into account

Disadvantage

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Per-hop RTT

Advantage

Measures queueing delay if node is busy Measures delay due to channel contention Takes into account delay due to lossy links Avoid highly loaded or lossy links Load-dependent route instability

Disadvantage
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Per-hop Packet pair delay

Advantage

Channel contention Also considers the link bandwidth Not completely immune to selfinterference

Disadvantage

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ETX

Considers the packet loss ratios in both directions of each wireless link. Accounts for :

Wide range of link loss ratios Links with asymmetric loss ratios Interference between successive hops of multi-hop paths

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The metric
ETX = 1/ (Df * Dr) Df forward delivery ratio Dr reverse delivery ratio

Assumptions

Link-layer retransmissions Fixed transmit power level

Points to consider

Does not reflect how busy a link is Unfair load-handling leads to incorrect results

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Deliver ratio from X to Y

= (# packets received by Y) / ( # packets sent by X)

Loss ratio = 1 (Delivery ratio)

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Hop Count vs Best path

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ETX vs Hop-count throughput

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ETX throughput for large packets

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ETX throughput with high transmit power

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Accuracy of link measurements

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Suggested improvements

Predictions of loss ratios for different packet sizes Handling of networks with links that run at variety of bit-rates

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Long-lived TCP connections

Throughput comparison

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No. of paths per TCP transfer

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Median path length

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Impact of path-length on the throughput

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HOP

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ETX

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RTT

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PktPair

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Variability of TCP throughput

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Conclusion

ETX fairs very well with stationary nodes in a number of aspects as compared to other link-quality metrics RTT & PktPair perform poorly because they are load-sensitive & hence subject to self-interference

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