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Hardware: Input
Input hardware - devices that translate data into a form the computer can process Keyboard - a device that converts letters, numbers, and other characters into electrical signals that can be read by the computers processor Pointing devices - control the position of the cursor or pointer on the screen - Mouse - Trackball - Pointing stick - Touchpad
Pen input : - Pen-based computer system - allows users to enter handwriting and marks onto a computer screen by means of a penlike stylus rather than by typing on a keyboard - Light pen - a light-sensitive penlike device that uses a wired connection to a computer terminal Digitizer - converts drawings and photos to digital data using a mouselike device called a puck
Source data-entry devices create machinereadable data - Scanners - use light-sensing equipment to translate images of text, drawings, photos, and the like into digital form Bar-code readers: - Bar codes - photoelectric scanners that translate the symbols in the bar code into digital code
MICR- character recognition system that uses magnetic ink and special characters OMR - uses a device that reads bubble marks and converts them into computerusable form OCR - converts scanned text from images to an editable text format that can be imported into a word processing application and manipulated
Fax machine scans an image and sends it as electronic signals over telephone lines to a receiving fax machine
Audio-Input Devices
Audio-input device - records analog sound and translates it for digital storage and processing
* Digitizing an audio signal: sound board MIDI board
Webcam a video camera attached to a computer to record moving images that can be posted on a website in real time Video cards: Frame-grabber video card Full-motion video card
Digital Cameras
Digital camera - uses a lightsensitive processor chip to capture photographic images in digital form and store them on a small diskette
Digital camera attached to a computer
Speech-Recognition Systems
Sensors
Sensor an input device that collects specific data directly from the environment and transmits it to a computer
Human-Biology-Input devices
Output hardware - devices that translate information processed by the computer into a form that humans can understand - Softcopy - data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form - Hardcopy - printed output
Display screens - output devices that show programming instructions and data as they are being input and information after it is processed
Pixel (picture element) the smallest unit on the screen that can be turned on and off or made different shades
Factors affecting screen clarity: Dot pitch (dp) - the amount of space between the centers of adjacent pixels; the closer the dots, the crisper the image Resolution Color depth Refresh rate
Factors affecting screen clarity: Dot pitch Resolution - the image sharpness of a display screen; the more pixels there are per square inch, the finer the level of detail Color depth Refresh rate
affecting screen clarity: Dot pitch Resolution Color depth - the amount of information, expressed in bits, that is stored in a dot Refresh rate
affecting screen clarity: Dot pitch Resolution Color depth Refresh rate - the number of times per second that the pixels are recharged so that their glow remains bright
Two types of monitors: CRT - a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a computer or video display terminal
Flat-panel display
- an output device that prints characters, symbols, and perhaps graphics on paper or another hardcopy medium
Dpi
- a measure of the number of rows and columns of dots that are printed in a square inch
printer - forms characters or images by striking a mechanism such as a print hammer or wheel against an inked ribbon, leaving an image on paper
Non-impact
printer - forms characters and images without direct physical contact between the printing mechanism and paper
Nonimpact printers: Laser printer - creates images on a drum which are treated with a magnetically charged toner, and then transferred from drum to paper
Plotter - a specialized output device designed to produce high-quality graphics in a variety of colors
Multifunction printer output device that combines several capabilities, such as printing, scanning, copying, and faxing
output devices - produce digitized sounds, ranging from beeps and chirps to music
Voice
output - photographic images which are played at 15-29 frames per second to give the appearance of full motion
- communications signals or information represented in a two-state (binary) way using electronic or electromagnetic signals
Purpose of the Modem - Converting Digital Signals to Analog Signals & Back
Modem - short for modulate/demodulate Sending modem - modulates digital signals into analog signals for transmission over phone lines Receiving modem - demodulates the analog signals back into digital signals
Telecommuting
Virtual Offices
Virtual office - an often nonpermanent and mobile office run with computer and communications technology
Smart Television
Digital
television (HDTV) works with digital broadcasting signals and has higherresolution than standard television
Standard-definition
television (SDTV) allows broadcasters to transmit more information within the HDTV bandwidth
media carries signals over a communications path, the route between two or more communications media services
Wired Communications Media - Wires and Cables
Twisted-pair wire - two strands of insulated copper wire, twisted around each other
Coaxial cable - insulated copper wire wrapped in a solid or braided metal shield, then in an external cover
Fiber-optic cable dozens or hundreds of thin strands of glass or plastic that transmit pulsating beams of light rather than electricity
Fiber-optic cable Fiber-optic strand
Broadcast radio - a wireless transmission medium that sends data over long distances-between regions, states, or countries Communications satellites - microwave relay stations in orbit around the earth
orbiting satellites continuously transmitting timed radio signals that can be used to identify earth locations
Car with GPS unit to guide users
Pagers - simple radio receivers that receive data (but not voice messages) sent from a special radio transmitter
- a short-range wireless digital standard aimed at linking cellphones, PDAs, computers, & peripherals up to distances of 30 feet
(wireless fidelity) - a short-range wireless digital standard aimed at helping portable computers and handheld wireless devices to communicate at high speeds and share internet connections at distances up to 300 feet
WiFi
Line configurations : Point-to-point line - directly connects the sending & receiving devices Multipoint line - a single line that interconnects several communications devices to one computer Serial vs. parallel transmission Serial data transmission - bits are transmitted sequentially, one after the other
Serial Data Transmission
Parallel data transmission - bits are transmitted through separate lines simultaneously
Direction of transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex Simplex transmission - data can travel in only one direction
Direction of transmission - simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex Half-duplex transmission - data travels in both directions but only in one direction at a time
Full-duplex transmission - data is transmitted back and forth at the same time
Synchronous transmission - data is sent in blocks, with start and stop bit patterns (synch bytes) at the beginning and end of the blocks
Protocol - a set of conventions governing the exchange of data between hardware and/or software components in a communications network
7.5 Networks
Benefits
of networks -
Sharing of peripheral devices Sharing of programs and data Better communications Security of information Access to databases
Types of Networks
Wide area network (WAN) - a communications network that covers a wide geographical area, such as a country or the world
Metropolitan area network (MAN) - a communications network covering a city or a suburb Local area network (LAN) connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area
- an organizations internal private network that uses the infrastructure and standards of the internet and the web
Extranets
- private intranets that connect not only internal personnel but also selected suppliers and other strategic parties
Firewalls
- a system of hardware and software that blocks unauthorized users inside and outside the organization from entering the intranet
Virtual
private network are private networks that use a public network (usually the internet) to connect remote sites.
Data
Character (bytes)
Key Field
A key field uniquely identifies a record for processing and retrieval The primary characteristic of the key field is that it is unique
Types
of Files Program files - contain computer instructions - Source program files - Executable files Data files - files that contain data (words, numbers, pictures, sounds, etc.)
Offline storage data is not directly accessible for processing until the tape or disk its on has been loaded onto an input device
management system (DBMS) programs that control the structure of a database and access to the data Types of database access: Individual databases Multiuser databases
Advantages of DBMS - Reduced data redundancy - Improved data integrity - Increased security - Ease of data maintenance
Hierarchical database - fields or records are arranged in related groups, resembling a family tree, with child (lower-level) records subordinate to parent (higher-level) records
Database Models
Network database - similar to a hierarchical database, but each child record can have more than one parent record
Database Models
Relational database - relates (connects) data in different files through the use of a key field, or common data element
Dictionary - procedures document or disk file that stores the data definitions and descriptions of the structure of data used in the database
lDBMS
Generator is a program for producing an on-screen or printed document from all or part of a database.
Security - a feature allowing database administrators to specify different access privileges for different users of a DBMS Recovery - enable the database administrator to recover contents of the database in the event of a hardware or software failure
lSystem
Data Mining
Data
mining (DM) - the computer-assisted process of sifting through and analyzing vast amounts of data in order to extract meaning and discover new knowledge Data mining process consists of: - Data acquisition (sumber data) - Data cleansing (penggabungan dan pembersihan) Meta-data generation (data tentang data) Data transport to data warehouse Searching for patterns Interpreting results
Privacy - the right of people not to reveal information about themselves The Ethics of Using Databases - Accuracy and completeness can be issue when searching for historical data - Monopolizing information by an individual or organization could lead to access related issues
errors
Procedural Software
errors computer failures occur as a result of non-compliance of procedures errors software bugs
Electromechanical
problems failure of mechanical systems due to faulty construction,overheating, wearing out, or damage
Dirty
- a program that copies itself repeatedly into a computers memory or onto a disk drive
Virus
- a deviant program, stored on a computer drive, that can cause unexpected and often undesirable effects, such as destroying or corrupting data
Anti-virus
software - scans a computers hard disk, floppy disks, and main memory to detect viruses and destroy them
Computer Criminals
Hackers
- gain unauthorized access to computer or telecommunications systems - illegally break into computers for malicious purposes - more than 80% of all IT crime perpetrators users - suppliers and clients criminals - organized crime rings
Crackers
Employees
Outside
Professional
Security - system of safeguards for protecting information technology Identification & Access Encryption Protection of software and data Disaster-recovery plans
PIN (personal identification number) the security number known only to you that is required to access the system Password - a special word, code, or symbol required to access a computer system
Iris scan
Encryption
Encryption
- the process of altering readable data into unreadable form to prevent authorized access Private key - same secret key used by both sender and receiver
of access - restricts access to data files to those with a need to know Audit controls track which programs and servers were used, which files have been opened, etc. People controls - check resum facts, separate employee functions, shred papers, etc.
9.3 Quality-of-Life Issues: The Environment, Mental Health, & the Workplace
Environmental
problems: Manufacturing by-products - exposing semiconductor industry workers to a variety of hazardous toxins Disposal by-products Disposal by-products - e-waste - obsolete or broken PCs, monitors, printers, cellphones, TVs and other electronics Environmental blight Environmental blight - visual pollution represented by wireless towers, roof antennas, satellite dishes, and all the utility poles topped with transformers and strung with electric,
Environmental problems:
Manufacturing Disposal
by-products
by-products blight
Environmental Possible
risks of nanotechnology - manipulating materials such as carbon, zinc, and gold at molecular level
Mental-Health Problems
Isolation
- going for days without actually speaking with or touching another person
Gambling
- 83% of corporate network administrators reported abusive and violent behavior by employees toward computers
Departments
Research and development (R&D) Production (operations) Marketing and sales Accounting and finance Human resources (personnel) Information systems (IS)
Management Levels
Top
(or senior) managers - concerned with longrange, or strategic, planning and decisions
Middle-level
managers - make tactical decisions to implement the strategic goals of the organization
Lower
(supervisory) managers - make operational decisions - predictable decisions that can be made by following well-defined sets of routine procedures
Types of Information
Structured
information - detailed, current, not subjective, concerned with past events, records a narrow range of facts, and covers an organizations internal activities
Unstructured
information - summarized, less current, highly subjective, concerned with future events, records a broad range of facts, and covers activities outside as well as inside an organization
For lower managers - TPSs For middle managers - MISs and DSSs For top managers ESSs For all levels, including nonmanagement OASs, ESs, and Cooperative work
- a computer-based information system that keeps track of the transactions needed to conduct business Features include For lower managers Produces detail reports One TPS for each department Forms the basis for MIS and DSS
- a computer-based information system that uses data recorded by TPS as input into programs that produce routine reports as output Features include For middle managers Draws from all departments Produces several kinds of reports
- a computerbased information system that provides a flexible tool for analysis and helps managers focus on the future Features include For middle managers Produces analytic models
Geographic DSS for earthquake insurance
ESS - an easy-to-use DSS made especially for top managers; it specifically supports strategic decision making
Components of an ESS
OAS - combine various technologies to reduce the manual labor required in operating an efficient office and to increase productivity
is a set of interactive computer programs that help users solve problems that would otherwise require the assistance of a human expert
Cooperative
systems organizations that have networks that use groupware to enable cooperative work by groups of people
11.3 Systems Development - The Six Phases of System Analysis and Design
System - a collection of related components that interact to perform a task in order to accomplish a goal Participants in a project involving a new system or changes to an existing one Users Management Technical staff
SDLC
Objectives Conduct the preliminary analysis Propose alternative solutions Describe the cost & benefits Submit a preliminary plan
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3.
Objectives Develop or acquire the software Acquire hardware Test the system
2.
3.
1. 2.
Implementation
The process of converting from the old system to the new system Four major conversion strategies Parallel conversion: the old and new systems operate simultaneously for a period of time Direct conversion: the old system is cut off and the new systems is turned on at a certain point in time Pilot conversion: introduces the new system in one part of the organization Phased conversion: introduces components of the new system in stages
Parallel Conversion
NEW
Direct Conversion
OLD
NEW
Pilot Conversion
OLD
NEW
Phase Conversion
Objective To adjust and improve the system by having system audits and periodic evaluations and by making changes based on new conditions
Maintenance System
(6) Implementation