PROF. MADYA DR. KAMARUZAMAN MOHAMED (DR.

KM)

mkamar@usm.my 019-472-6397

KANDUNGAN KURSUS / COURSE CONTENT

• BAHAN GENETIK / GENETIC MATERIALS

• STRUKTUR DAN KOMPOSISI KROMOSOM / CHROMOSOME
STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION
• PEREPLIKAAN DNA / DNA REPLICATION
• SINTESIS PROTEIN / PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• PENGAWALATURAN GEN / GENE REGULATION
• MUTASI PERINGKAT DNA DAN KROMOSOM / DNA AND
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
• STRUKTUR HALUS GEN / GENE FINE STRUCTURE
• PERWARISAN LUAR NUKLEUS / EXTRANUCLEAR INHERITANCE
• PENGENALAN KEPADA KEJURUTERAAN GENETIK /
INTRODUCTION TO GENETIC ENGINEERING
 GENETIC MATERIAL - INTRODUCTION

Earlier thought – Protein is the genetic

material
• Majority of cell content is protein
- > 50% of dry weight

• Discovery of nuclein (Miescher – 1868)

- contains P but no S, different from
protein
- tetranucleotide hypothesis (Levene –
1910)
- too simple – not a big enough
variation (1:1:1:1)
- proven wrong by Chargaff (1940’s)

• Active research at the time

- heredity and mutation
Genetic material should have the ability to:

- store information

- pass the information to the offspring

- dissipate the information when needed

- vary via mutation

 Experiments Leading to the Discovery that DNA and RNA are the
Genetic Material

A. Direct evidence in prokaryote:

1. Frederick Griffith (1927) – transformation

2. Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty (1944)
– enzyme digestion and transformation
3. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) – reproduction of
phage T2 during infection of E. coli
4. Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and B. Singer (1957) - TMV
5. John Spizezen dan Dean Fraser (1957) – initiate phage
infection with disrupted T2 particles on bacterial spheroplast
6. George Guthrie dan Robert Sinsheimer (1960) –
transfection of E. coli spheroplast with purified DNA
resulted in production of complete ΦX-174 bacteriophages
B. Direct evidence in eukaryote:

1. Recombinant DNA Technology – expression of eukaryotic

genes in bacteria

2. Transgenic animals – human β-globin gene in fertilised

mice egg, shown to be maintained in adult mice tissue and
can be inherited to the mice progeny

C. Indirect evidence in eukaryote and prokaryote:

1. Correlation between ploidy level of cells the amount of

DNA present (number of chromosomes)

2. Presence of DNA in organelles

3. Mutagenesis
- absorption vs action spectrums
 CIRI-CIRI BAHAN GENETIK

1. Keupayaan menyimpan maklumat

- kestabilan fizikal dan kimia
- DNA vs RNA
- keadaan berheliks
- molekul hidrofobik
- selain timina yang membentuk urasil melalui
pendeaminan

9. Keupayaan untuk memperturunkan/mewariskan maklumat

- proses pereplikaan
- meiosis
3. Keupayaan untuk menyebarkan maklumat bila-bila perlu

- melalui pengekspresan gen

- isyarat permulaan, penamatan dan berapa amaun perlu
- jujukan asid amino dalam protein

4. Keupayaan bervariasi melalui mutasi (dua mekanisme

utama)

- pertukaran kimia ke atas bes-bes yang mewujudkan sifat

pengikatan hidrogen baru dan menyebabkan bes baru
hadir dalam molekul yang baru direplikakan
- kesilapan pereplikaan di mana bes-bes salah atau bes
berlebihan/berkurangan disisipkan ke dalam molekul baru