Borrowing

Dialectal

Introduction

Discussion

(Also dialect mixing) The putative process by which speakers acquire non-native pronunciations for certain words from speakers of other dialects with significantly different phonological histories, rejecting their own native pronunciations for these words in the process.

 borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting words from a source language into their native language. It is a consequence of cultural contact between two language communities. For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin as they adopted new products via trade with the Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand, passed into Latin.

1. Importation
Foreign word non-integrated word from a foreign language, spelt as is
Example: E caf (from French) It. mouse computer device (from English)

Loan word integrated word from a foreign language, orthography adapted for the receiving language. Example: E music (from French "musique") Sp. chfer (from French "chauffeur").

2. Partial Substitution
Composite words, in which one part is borrowed, another one substituted.
Example: OE Saturnes dg Saturday (Lat. Saturni dies) G Showgeschft literally: show-business (E show business) G Live-Sendung literally: live-broadcast (E live broadcast).

3. Substitution
1. Loan Coinage Loan Formation
o Loan Translation
Translation of the elements of the foreign word. Example: OE Monan dg Monday (Lat. Lunae dies) Fr. gratte-ciel scrape-sky (E skyscraper) Sp. manzana de Adn (E Adams apple)

3. Substitution
1. Loan Coinage Loan Formation
o Loan Rendering
Translation of part of elements of the foreign word. Example: E brotherhood (Lat. fraternitas) E television or F tlvision (the first element Gk. telos "far" and the second L. visio "sight).

3. Substitution
1. Loan Coinage Loan Creation
o coinage independent of the foreign word, but created out of the desire to replace a foreign word. Example: E brandy (Fr. cognac). E elevator (BE lift).

3. Substitution
2. Loan Meaning
indigenous word to which the meaning of the foreign word is transferred. Example: OE cniht servant + disciple (Lat. discipulus student) OE heofon sky (Lat. Caelum sky / heaven) G maus and Fr souris rodent + computer device (E mouse rodent, computer device).

 words borrowed from one language and incorporated into another (Wikipedia).

words adopted by the speakers of one language from a different language or the source language (Suzane Kemmer).

English has many loanwords. In 1973, a computerized survey of about 80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary (3rd edition) was published in Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff. Their estimates for the origin of English words were as follows:
French and Norman: 28.3% Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24% Germanic languages, including Old and Middle English: 25% Greek: 5.32% No etymology given or unknown: 4.03% Derived from proper names: 3.28% All other languages contributed less than 1%

 The Italian government has recently expressed its displeasure over the use of English words and syntax in Italian. English words are often used where they are more convenient than a longer Italian expression. Example: E Computer > Fr. elaboratore elettronico

 Week-end > finesettimana Also, there are equally convenient Italian words that exist. fashion > moda meeting > conferenza.

Words are occasionally imported with a different meaning than that in the source language.
Example: The German word Handy, which is a adaptation of the English adjective "handy", means mobile phone.

 The Tagalog language, due to its history of connections with the rest of Asia, and having been colonized, had benefitted from its colonizers 'influential migrants' unique experiences accumulated from other cultures (viz. Sanskrit; Arabic; Spanish Greek and Latin, Arabic, Mexican, English Spanish, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian languages)

 The Filipino language has developed a unique vocabulary, since its inception from its Austronesian roots. According to Jose Villa Panganiban, "of the 30,000 root words in the Tagalog language, there are close to 5,000 from Spanish, 3,200 from Malay, 1,500 from English, 1,500 from both Hokkien (Min Nan) and Yueh Chinese dialects, 300 from Sanskrit, 200 from Arabic, and a few hundred altogether from other languages"

 Spanish is the language that has bequeathed the most loan words to Tagalog. An example is the sentence below, wherein Spanish derived words are italicized: "Puwede ba akong umupo sa silya sa tabi ng bintana habang nasa biyahe tayo sa eroplano?"

 Most have retained at least their spelling, sounding, and original definition <'basura', 'delikadesa', 'demokrasya' > Others have morphed <'ku(ha)nin' (Sp.: 'coja' + Tag. 'nin')> <'maamong kordero' (from Sp.'amo' & 'cordero')> The compound word <'batya't palopalo> were taken from the Spanish 'batea' for 'washing tub' and 'palo' for 'stick' or 'beater.

Others have totally evolved into new meaning.

'sospechoso ('suspicious person' and not the 'suspect' anymore as it originally means in Spanish)
'imbyerna' (invierna), meant 'winter' became a word for 'bummer 'sigue' a Spanish word for 'continue' or 'follow' now widely understood as the second or third to the last word when about to hang up the phone ('O sigue uhm, bye.').

Tagalog Abante Bodega Colegio/Kolehiyo Diyos Edukasyon Guerra/Giyera Hustisya Ingles Kalye Luho Mundo Avante Bodega Colegio Dios

Spanish

Meaning Ahead, Forward Warehouse College God Education War Justice English Street Luxury World

Educacin Guerra Justicia Ingls Calle Lujo Mundo

Tagalog

English Basketball

English words in a Tagalog sentence are written as they are. But, they are sometimes written in Tagalog phonetic spelling. Here are some examples:

Basketbol

Biskwit
Byu Direk Ekonomiks Ispiker Isports Istampid

Biscuit
View Director Economics Speaker Sports Stampede

Catsup/Kechap
Keyk Perpyum Websayt

Ketchup
Cake Perfume Website

This is a small sample of the thousands of cognates present between Tagalog and Malay.

Tagalog Ako Balik Bansa Daan Hangin

Malay Aku Balik Bangsa Jalan Angin

Meaning I (first person) Return Country Street, road Wind

Itik
Kalapati

Itik
Merpati

Duck
Pigeon

 It is possible for a word to travel from one language to another and then back to the original language in a different form, a process called reborrowing. Example: Fr. "le biftek", which is borrowed from the English "beefsteak", while the English "beef" is originally from the Fr. "le buf". E cinema which is based on the Greek word for movement, (transliteration: kinima), but has been reborrowed by modern Greek as (transliteration: sinema).