•

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Matter exists in three different
physical states namly SOLId,
LIQUID, and GASEOUS states
SOLID STATE

• A solid possesses a definite size

and definite volume . The shape
of solid can be changed but it is
usually requires considerable
force .Therefor solids are
generally hard and rigid . Some
examples of solid are iron
,silver,common salt etc.
LIQUID STATE

• A liquid possesses is definite

volume but not definite shape .It
takes up the shape of the
container in which it is placed .
Liquid also has a tendency to
flow . For example water
,alcohol , milk,oil etc.
GASEOUS STATE

• A gas neither posseses a

definite volume nor a definit
shape .A gas occupies the
whole of the volume of vessel in
which it is placed.It also takes
up the shape of the container.
For example air,carbon
dioxide,oxygen etc.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• Since long many attempts have been
made to know the ultimate particle
of matter .The first definite theory
about the structure of matter was
put forward by john dalton in 1890 .
According to his theory ,all matter is
composed of extremely small
particles called ATOM .The atoms
were regarded to be structureless
,hard spherical particles .
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• The discoveries towards the end of
the 19th and early 20th centuries
showed that atom has a complex
structure and is not indivisible .
These studies further revealed that
atom consists of still smaller
particles such as
ELECTRON,PROTON and NEUTRON
into which it may be divided . These
particles are regarded as
fundamental particles .
THOMSON MODEL

• J.J THOMSON proposed that the

positive charge is spread over a
sphere in which the electros are
embedded to make the atom as
a whole neutral . The radius of
the sphere is of the order of 10-8
cm which is equal to the size of
atom .
 RUTHERFORD’S NUCLEAR
MODEL OF ATOM
The main features of this model are
(1) In an atom the entire mass and the
positive charge is concentrated in a very
small region at the centre known as
nucleus .it was observed that the radius
of the nucleus is of the order of 10-13 cm
whereas radius of the atom is of the
order 10-8 cm .this means that the size of
he nucleus is extremely small as
compared to the size of atom.
,

(2) The magnitude of the positive

charge on the nucleus (number
of protons) is different for
different atoms.
.

(3) The nucleus is surrounded by

negatively charged electrons
which balance the positive
charge on the nucleus.
.

(4) The electrons are not

stationary but are revolving
around the nucleus at very high
speed like planet revolving
around the sun .as a result the
electrons are also called
planetry electrons.
.

(5) Most of the space in an atom

between the nucleus and the
revolving electrons is empty.
ATOMIC NUMBER

• The number of unit positive

charges carried by nucleus of
an atom is termed as the atomic
number.
Atomic number (z)
=nuclear or
number of protons (p)
= number of electron (e)
DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS

• A neutron is a subatomic
particle having mass (1.675 *
10-24 g) equal to that of hydrogen
atom and carrying no electrical
charge .
MASS NUMBER

• The sum of neutrons and

protons is known as mass
number.
mass number (A)=no. of protons
+ no. of neutrons
THE EXPECTED DEFLECTION OF ALPHA PARTICLE ON THE
BASIS OF THOMSON MODEL