Permanent Maxillary nd Molar and 2

st 1

Permanent Molars

 Molars comes from the Latin word for grinding. 3 types of molars: the 1st molar, 2nd molar, and 3rd molar.

The 1st and 2nd molars are also called the 6-year and 12-year molars because of the approximate eruption ages.

 There are 12 molars, three in each quadrant, in the permanent dentition. The molar crowns have four or five short, blunt cusps, and each molar has two or three roots that help to support the larger crown.

Maxillary Molars
usually the first permanent teeth to erupt into the maxillary arch. usually has four major cusps, with two cusps on the buccal portion of the occlusal table and two on the lingual. has three well-separated and well-developed roots. A tooth with 3 roots is said to be trifurcated, which means divided into thirds.

Permanent maxillary 1st molars

Location
laterally (away from the midline of the face) from both the maxillary second premolars of the mouth mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both maxillary second molars

Chronology
Calcification

At birth 3 years 6 years 9 years

Crown completed

Eruption

Root completed

Notation
Right Palmers Universal Two Digit
6

Left 6

3
16

14
26

function
The function of this molar is similar to that of all molars in regard to grinding being the principal action during mastication, commonly known as chewing.

Surfaces

Buccal aspect

features
Outline: Trapezoidal Four Cusps: Mesiobuccal Distobuccal Mesiolingual Distolingual

Maxillary 1st molar, buccal aspect

LR, Lingual Root; MBR, Mesiobuccal Root; BDG, Buccal Developmental groove; MBC, Mesiobuccal Cusp; MLC, Mesiolingual Cusp; DBC, Distobuccal Cusp; CL, Cervical Line; DBR, Distobuccal Root.

Lingual

Features of

st 1

Molar

Two cusps of unequal size dominate the occlusal profile. The larger mesiolingual cusp often displays the Carabelli trait. It is a variable feature. It appears most often as a cusp of variable size, but is occasionally expressed merely as a pit.

Maxillary 1st Molar, lingual aspect

DBR, Distobuccal Root; LR, Lingual Root; CL, Cervical Line; LDG, Lingual Developmental Groove; DLC, Distolingual Cusp; MLC, Mesiolingual Cusp; FC, Fifth Cusp; MBR, Mesiobuccal Root.

Mesial

Features

has an unusually large cusp of Carabelli lingual height of contour is on occlusal 3rd. wide mesiobuccal root hides the narrower distobuccal root. mesiolingual cusp, mesial marginal ridge, and mesiobuccal cusp comprise the occlusal outline.

Tubercle of carabelli
The fifth smaller cusp on the palatal side. This extra cusp is usually found on the first molar, and becomes progressively less likely in the second, third molars.

Maxillary 1st Molar, mesial aspect.

LR, Lingual Root; FC, Fifth Cusp; MLC, Mesiolingual Cusp; MMR, Mesial Marginal Ridge; MBC, Mesiobuccal Ridge; MCA, Mesial Contact Area; CR, Cervical Ridge; MBR, Mesiobuccal Root.

Distal

Features
Outline : trapezoidal The two distal cusps are clearly seen; the distal marginal ridge is somewhat shorter than the mesial one. A small concavity on the distal surface that continues onto the distobuccal root.

Maxillary 1st Molar, distal aspect

DBR, Distobuccal Root; MBR, Mesiobuccal Root; BDG, Buccal Development Groove; DBC, Distobuccal Cusp; DMR, Distal Marginal Ridge; DLC, Distolingual Cusp; DCA, Distal Contact Area; CL, Cervical Line; LR, Lingual Root.

Occlusal

features
Outline : rhomboidal Cusp order according to size: (largest to smallest) Mesiolingual Mesiobuccal Distobuccal Distolingual

Maxillary right 1st molar, occlusal aspect.

MBCR, Mesiobuccal Cusp Ridge; CF, Central Fossa; MTF, Mesial triangular Fossa; MMR, Mesial Marginal Ridge; MLCR, Mesiolingual Cusp Ridge; OR, Oblique Ridge; DLCR, Distolingual Cusp Ridge; DF, Distal Fossa; DTF, Distal Triangular Fossa; DMR, Distal Marginal Ridge; DBCR, Distobuccal Cusp Ridge.

BG, Buccal Groove; BGCF, Buccal Groove of Central Fossa; CGCF, Central Groove of Central Fossa; FCG, Fifth Cusp Groove; LG, Lingual groove; DOG, Distal Oblique Groove; TGOR, Transverse Groove of Oblique Ridge; Maxillary right first molar, occlusal CP, Central Pit. aspect, developmental grooves.

Permanent maxillary 2nd molars

Location
distally (away from the midline of the face) from both the maxillary first molars of the mouth mesial (toward the midline of the face) from both maxillary third molars

Chronology
Calcification

at birth 3 years 7 years 14 years

Crown completed

Eruption

Root completed

Notation
Right Palmers Universal Two Digit
7

Left 7
15

2
17

27

Function

The function of this molar is similar to that of all molars in regard to grinding being the principal action during mastication, commonly known as chewing.

Surfaces

Buccal

Features
Buccal aspect
- the crown is a little shorter cervico-oclusally and narrower mesiodistally. distobuccal cusp is smaller and allows part of the distal marginal ridge and part of the distolingual cusp. The buccal roots are about the same length.

Lingual

features
1. Distolingual Cusp of the crown is smaller. 2. Distobuccal Cusp may be seen through the sulcus between the mesiolingual and distolingual cusp. 3. No fifth cusp is evident. 4. The apex of the lingual root

Mesial

features
The buccolingual dimension of the second molar is about the same as that of the first molar, but the crown length is less. The roots do not spread as far buccolingually but are within the confines of the buccolingual crown outline.

Distal

features
Distobuccal cusp is smaller in maxillary 2nd molar. Mesiobuccal cusp may be seen from this angle. The mesiolingual cusp cannot be seen. The apex of the lingual root is in line with the distolingual cusp.

Occlusal

Features
Outline : rhomboidal and heart-shaped Cusp size order: (largest to smallest) Mesiolingual Mesiobuccal Distobuccal Distolingual

First Molar vs second Molar

Similarities
same number of roots same number of facial cusps same number of facial grooves

Differences (buccal view)

1st Molar Roots more spread out, shorter trunk

2nd Molar Roots less spread out, longer trunk

Buccal cusps almost same size

Mesiobuccal cusp larger than Distobuccal

Roots with less distal bend

Buccal groove longer, possible pit

Roots with more distal bend

Buccal groove shorter, no pit

Differences (lingual view)

1st Molar
Buccal roots spread out behind lingual root

2nd Molar
Buccal roots less spread out

Lingual cusps nearly the same length

Distolingual cusp much shorter

Differences (proximal view)

1st Molar More mesial marginal ridge (86%) Parallelogram shape less twisted Some root flare beyond crown Cusp of Carabelli on Mesiolingual Cusp

2nd Molar Few mesial marginal ridge (38%) Parallelogram shape more twisted Less root flare No Cusp of Carabelli

Differences ( occlusal view)

1st Molar Distolingual Cusp slightly smaller the Mesiolingual Cusp

2nd Molar Distolingual Cusp much smaller the Mesiolingual Cusp or absent

Crowns often wider on lingual half

Crown outline nearly square Crown larger (in same mouth) More prominent oblique ridge Fewer supplemental grooves Less prominent Mesiobuccal Cervical Ridge

Crowns narrower on lingual half

Crown outline more twisted Crown smaller(in same mouth) Smaller prominent oblique ridge More supplemental grooves More prominent Mesiobuccal Cervical Ridge

Lingual

Cusp of Carabelli present on mesiolingual (ML) [46%] ML cusp is larger than distolingual (DL)

Maxillary 1st molar pulp