SOCIAL

ANALYSIS

a positive value, namely an attitude or structure which cares for neighbors, either in the sense of doing good to the poor or in the sense of a just social structure

the examination of something in detail in order to understand it better or draw conclusions from it

Systematic way of understanding current realities and situations by analyzing data from all perspectives Putting things together (by relating one issue to another) and looking at it from all possible perspectives

IN THE NARROW SENSE:

IN THE BROADER SENSE:

an attempt to analyze a situation or a social problem objectively

an attempt to change the situation or solve the analyzed problem

Personal:
Low grades = family problem/s +

no venue for participation

Depression = low self- confidence

relationship problem

Society:
Child labor
=

financial problem
+

+ cultural acceptance
+

poor government services +

poor law implementation

business sector

Society:
Prostitution

= rape victim

financial problem
+

low perception of self- worth

high demand

women as object

poor justice system

For the effective involvement of social actors in social change, they should know the direction of their transforming actions
Appreciate what is being done Correct wrongdoings/ actions Further build on the strong points

Tools of Analysis
o help in understanding and allowing us to read, in a scientific approach, the concrete social reality o will illumine the factors contributing to poverty and, hence, guide development professionals where to initiate programs and focus initially their actions o help to identify how and where to start social actions

o interpreting the facts o giving meaning to reality o understanding the interrelationships

using just one tool is inadequate and can be myopic

 Historical Analysis Structural

Analysis Class Analysis Gender Analysis Environmental Analysis

Tool of Analysis

Pre-Colonial

Reform and Revolution

The War Years

20th 21st Century Philippines

The Spanish Period

The American Period

The Third Republic

Early Customs and Practices Social Classes

o nobles chiefs and their families, with influence in the

barangay and enjoyed rights that were not usually enjoyed by the other members of the society o freemen or mahadlika free men and likewise of dependents who had earned their freedom o dependents or alipin acquired his/her low status in society by inheritance, by captivity in war, by failing to pay his debts, by purchase, or by committing a crime for which he was duly sentenced

The Position of Women customary laws gave them the right to be the equal of men, for they could own and inherit property, engage in trade and industry, and succeed to the chieftainship of a barangay in the absence of a male heir; they had exclusive rights to give names to their children

Government barangay ruled by a chieftain Laws customary or written Trial by Ordeal resorted to in order to show that God in His infinite wisdom always took the side of the innocent Religious Beliefs believed in the immortality of the soul and in life after death

Educational Transformation
boys and girls schools and colleges subjects taught were in the 3 Rs, Christian

doctrine, morality and history (taught by the parish priest), general geography and Spanish history, agriculture, rules of courtesy, vocal music and Spanish language pupils were forbidden to speak their own dialects

Economic Institutions taxation, polo y servicio, galleon trade, infrastructure, telecommunications, and public utilities development Social Transformation adoption of Hispanic names, fiestas honoring the saints

The Campaign for Reforms execution of the 3 Filipino priests was a turning point in Philippine history
The sons of the wealthy and the well-to-do Filipino

families migrated to Europe to breathe the free atmosphere of the Old World and initiated a sustained campaign for reforms in the administration of the Philippines In the homeland, the Filipino intellectuals secretly collaborated with those in Spain and founded nationalistic societies

Bonifacio and the Katipunan founded on a radical platform, namely, to secure the independence and freedom of the Philippines by force of arms The Malolos Republic Aguinaldo established the Dictatorial Government and a month later the Revolutionary Government Treaty of Paris gave the Philippines to the US

Progress in Education
Americans greatest contribution to the Philippine

civilization is the system of public education Compelled the Filipinos to learn the English language

Public Health and Welfare

Americans set to minimize the spread of diseases

and to improve, on the other hand, the health of the people

Trade, Commerce, and Industry

Free trade relations

Transportation and Communication

Cars, trucks, and railway cars; railroad lines to the

north and south of Luzon; interisland shipping; telephone and telegraph lines, and radio

Political Consciousness
Founding of political parties, elections

Language and Literature

One of the most lasting American influences in

the Philippines is the development of a Filipino literature in English and the adoption of American words and phrases in the Philippine languages, particularly in Tagalog

Negative Results
American goods and services were at first

considered luxuries but after 45 years of occupation, they became necessities this conditioning of the Filipino mind to the American standard of living has made them economically dependent on the US this resulted to the neglect and consequent death of Filipino industries

Negative Results
While the Spaniards almost killed the Filipinos by

maltreatment, the Americans, on the other hand, almost smothered the Filipinos with kindness The Spaniards softened the Filipinos by inflicting physical and spiritual injuries on them; the Americans softened the Filipinos by pampering their stomach The first became a negative factor in the development of Filipino nationalism; the second became a positive factor in the de-Filipinization of the Filipinos

Negative Results
partial loss of their racial heritage the ties that bind the family have been loosened the love of their language and culture has been

replaced by the adoration of the American language and culture the traditional communal unity has to a certain extent been superimposed upon by the let-wellenough-alone philosophy

Negative Results
Success is measured in terms of material possession as

purveyed by American movies He/she is successful who earns a fast buck; he/she is successful who has made millions out of nothing; he/she is successful if, in spite of his illiteracy, he/she wins a congressional or municipal seat The people as a rule have lost their sense of values Values to them are those that can be turned into hard cash; if they are not or cant, they are valueless

Negative Results
Filipinos excel as imitators but their imitation is

usually limited to the seamy aspect of American life Gangsterism, juvenile delinquency, promiscuous love affairs, betrayal, racketeering, graft and corruption all these have been brought to the Philippines through Hollywood

Japanese Occupation
Civil liberties were suppressed by the enemy The economy was geared to the demands of the

Japanese war efforts Education was revamped to re-orient Filipino thinking along Japanese lines Political life was limited to the Japanesesponsored Republic Thousands upon thousands were executed and imprisoned

Post-War Problems and the Republic

The basic problem that confronted the

Commonwealth and later, the Republic, was economic buildings, school houses, roads, bridges, livestock, sugar mills, agriculture, and banking institutions had to be rehabilitated or reconstructed The US gave material and financial aid to the Philippines on condition that the Philippine Constitution should be amended in order to give the Americans parity rights in the exploitation of the countrys natural resources

Under Martial Law

The increasing difficulties besetting the country

and the failure of the successive administration to cope with the continuing crises, especially in the socio-economic field, led to massive discontent that found eloquent expressions in student demonstrations student power, parliament of the streets

The EDSA Revolution

Ninoy Aquino, Jr was assassinated Demonstrations escalated Marcos called a snap election to legitimize his

presidency and was proclaimed elected together with his running mate Arturo Tolentino The opposition LABAN candidates, Cory Aquino and running mate Salvador Laurel contested the results of the election, claiming that massive fraud and terrorism were committed by the Marcos machinery

The EDSA Revolution

With the support of the influential Jaime Cardinal

Sin and strong American pressure, especially coming from Congress and the State Department, Marcos was persuaded to yield power, thus avoiding what might have been a bloody confrontation between Marcos military supporters and people power

Aquino Administration Ramos Administration Estrada Administration Arroyo Administration

Tool of Analysis

Study of interrelationships and of the functions of a system Society - a systematic whole or a set of interrelated systems

4 Structures that Make Up a Social System

Economic Social Political Cultural

Economic Structure

the strictly material organization or the sustaining-dynamics of society have to do with the ways a society organizes itself for material survival
Production, distribution, consumption of goods/

services

3 Main Elements of Economic Structure

the means of production as basic factor land, capital and how they are owned the organization of labor may be based on collective labor, hired labor, or on individual work; technology used in the work the distribution of the social product the way the produce of the group is being distributed among the whole population

Social Structure

which kind of social groupings are existing in the society under analysis (clanic, castes, feudal, etc.) the social position of the group is linked with their position in the economic structure: ownership or non-ownership of the means of production, place in the labor organization, and access to the social product

Political Structure

the organization of the collective life governing dynamics of society have to do with the ways a society organizes itself for decision- making

Cultural Structure

the symbolic representation the meaning-giving dynamics of society have to do with values, dreams, and the ideology of a society identifies which are the dominant mediating institutions that remold, influence, control or empower a people
education, mass media, family, tradition, health,

religion, sports

3 Elements of Cultural Structure State politics, environment, population Mediating Institutions media, church, school, family, associations Person the individual who feels, dialogues, thinks, decides a stance, and acts based on this conviction

Analyze the Ampatuan Massacre issue using the structural analysis. Use the 4 structures in analyzing the issue. Your historical analysis may aid you in analyzing the issue using structural analysis Short bond paper (recycled if possible), Arial 11, 1.5 Spacing, Justified Margin at 1x1x1x1.

Tool of Analysis

science that determines the relation and the laws governing politics and economy analyzing current social stratification and the relationships/ dynamics of each strata with one another

Philippine Political-Economic Structure

Foreign Monopoly Capitalists (FMC) Big Business Bureaucrats Landlord Workers Peasants

Foreign Monopoly Capitalists (FMC)

foreign multi-national corporations that exercise domain in economic playing field, and thus greatly influence politics can impose its own will upon the nation (e.g. World Bank) government and policy-makers become eventually puppets of these FMC masters

Big Business

serves as conduits of foreign technology and, of course, own local capital in the field of trading, exclusive franchise and dealership, and marketing, are also considered local capitalists have so much influence on government and on the people supports different candidates especially during Presidential elections, with the usual expectation that, whosoever they supported, will shower benefits on their business

Big Business

Examples: the people from these business organizations become, then, members of the cabinet or political appointees in the higher echelons of government (e.g. cronies of Marcos) Concepcion Group of Industries (RFM group) has expanded significantly during the time of President Aquino when Joe Con was DTI Secretary. Joe Con was NAMFREL head and has supported President Aquino during 1986 election

Big Business Examples: Mon del Rosario supported President FVR during 1992 election and was appointed Finance Secretary. Further, the 1st EO of FVR (E01) has something to do with cement (Cement is the business line of the Del Rosarios).

Bureaucrats

those that decide policies in government either appointed politically or have emerged through electoral mandate have access to business establishments, either on account of their original standing before joining government, or they are offered privileges by big business firms through stocks, profits, or shares

Bureaucrats these policy-makers become susceptible to the whims and desire of big businesses it is easier for them to give privileges to business interests and find it difficult to become pro-poor or even pro-labor (e.g. Labor Code BP130 and 227 which have forbidden labor strikes. But strike is a labor right)

Landlord

have dominated rural economy ranging from trading, merchandising, marketing, and agricultural capital (Cojuancos-Hacienda Luisita, Dys of Isabela, Montelibanos of Negros, Durans of Cebu, Roxas of Panay, Dimaporos of Mindanao, Villafuertes of Bicol, Mitra of Palawan, Osmenas of Cebu, Imperials of Albay) of more than 200 congresspersons in 1992, 197 are landlords

Workers

the labor force that work in factories and establishments for production offer labor and are paid wages 85% of the total population

Peasants

farmers and agricultural producers comprise 75% of the population and they live in the rural areas use the land, which is owned by the landlords, and pay the rent in the form of harvest

Philippine PoliticalEconomic Structure

Foreign Monopoly Capitalists Lend a technology without any obligation to develop

Surplus

Privileges Bureaucrats Business Wage Labor Rent Landlords Farm inputs Land Peasants

Workers

Analyze the Ampatuan Massacre issue using class analysis and political economy. Highlight in your analysis the roles of each member of the Philippine Political-Economic Structure in the issue. Short bond paper (recycled if possible), Arial 11, 1.5 Spacing, Justified Margin at 1x1x1x1.

Tool of Analysis

clarifies the power relations between women and men it would facilitate our understanding of womens marginalization, subordination, multiple burden, disempowerment and the need for a fair and more gender sensitive approach to development development programs have catered only to the male population

identifies womens/mens performance of roles in society particularly:

reproduction child rearing, housework, etc. production economic enterprise, livelihood,

income community management development projects, programs, organizations, policies, participation

Write down on the board all the characteristics of both men and women.

Sex and Gender

Sex physical biological make-up (chromosomes, external and internal genitalia, hormonal states and secondary sex characteristics); may influence program development

Gender social construct; learned through a process of socialization within the cultural context; will focus on the social roots of disempowerment, marginalization, inequality and subordination

Manifestations of Gender Bias: Stereotyping very feudal outlook that puts women as second-class citizens in the human order (objects of sexual satisfaction and sexual symbols, weaker sex, emotional, fickle minded, tukso or temptation)

Manifestations of Gender Bias: Multiple burdens overburdened role of women which we observe in the community, summed up in BBBB (bahay, bata, bana, baboy, batya, basket or even bayan)

Manifestations of Gender Bias: Subordination women have always been a footnote to the men Marginalization/ Discrimination women are not given the proper respect and dignity to be a member of the human race (male-generic language, employment)

Manifestations of Gender Bias: Violence Against Women (VAW) sexual harassment, wife beating, battered women, abused women, rape, and all sorts of criminality that revolves around violence against the female counterpart

Manifestations of Gender Bias: Class Oppression the degree of subordination, marginalization and the like vary according to the womens class belonging Dehumanization women dont feel that they are significant humans

Analyze the Ampatuan Massacre issue using gender analysis. Emphasize in your analysis the roles and condition of women before, during and after the massacre. Short bond paper (recycled if possible), Arial 11, 1.5 Spacing, Justified Margin at 1x1x1x1.

Materials Economy

Extraction

Production

Distribution

Consumption

Disposal

US Forests
less than4% of
original forests left

Natural Resources
1/3 of the planets natural resources base have been consumed in the past 3 decades alone

US Population
5% of the worlds population

Global Resources

US is consuming 30% of the worlds resources and creating 30% of the worlds waste

The people dont own these resources even if theyve been living there for generations, they dont own the means of production and theyre not buying a lot of stuff. An in this system, if you dont own or buy a lot of stuff, you dont have value.

Natural resources

Toxic Contaminated Products

Production
Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) -Chemical that make things more fireproof but they are super toxic -- neurotoxin means toxic to the brain

Production
Do you know what is the food at the top of the food chain with the highest levels of many toxic contaminants?

comes from de-envelop envelope symbolizes poverty to develop, therefore, is to de-envelop it is tantamount to freedom and liberation from poverty

Using historical analysis, we realized that our colonizers made us poor and they influenced and controlled our leaders who provided opportunity for them to exploit us and our natural resources. Using structural analysis, we saw that whoever has the power in economic structure also has the power in social, political and cultural structures.

Using class analysis, we saw the relationship of each strata in the political-economic structure, that each strata is actually being controlled by the FMCs which makes those in the lowest strata (workers and peasants) poorer. Using the gender analysis, we realized that women have their own struggle for development.

Development is for those who are few and have the power. They violate human dignity because they subject a lot of people to sub-human conditions. They promote selfishness because they work for the advantage of those already rich and powerful, to the detriment of the poor and powerless.

They promote wrongdoing because they provide almost unbridled power to a few who can manipulate the majority. The gap between the rich and poor still widens--- the rich becomes richer and the poor becomes poorer.

Growth

the Philippine economy has to grow in order for it to develop but it is not a sufficient condition for genuine development

Efficiency

The economy must be able to utilize resources with very minimal waste. Minimize, if not eliminate, graft and corruption. Provision of basic services and making it accessible to the poor Filipinos.

Equity

Distribution of social product and other resources equitably. Without equity, any form of human resource development is meaningless. Without equity, the domestic market will not expand markedly. Without equity, there will never be economic and political stability.

Peoples Participation

Every stakeholders should be given a venue to actively participate in decision making especially if the programs, projects, policies, laws, etc. would directly or indirectly affect their lives.

Sustainability

Genuine development must be sustainable. It must improve the quality of life of the people without destroying the environments natural productive capacity.

Is the Philippine condition a hopeless case already? As student, what can you recommend for the development of our country?

Sources:
CSB

NSTP Module on Social Analysis Tagasan. Social Analysis Module Luna, et.al. Introduction to Community Development