MEL1 (3) Fuels&amp Combustion

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Products of Combustion In a combustion (burning) reaction the fuel is burnt in oxygen. The oxidizer is oxygen. All combustion reactions are exothermic energy (mainly heat) is released. Explosions are forms of combustion. In an explosive combustion reaction, the fuel is exploded
Energy Value
Energy Value is the heat of combustion of a fuel given per gram of fuel. The higher the energy value, the more energy is released, the better the fuel. Heat of combustion of hydrogen is 285kJ/mole 1 mole of hydrogen gas (H2) has a mass equal to its molecular mass (molecular weight) = 2 x 1.008 = 2.016 The heat produced per gram of hydrogen gas = 285 2.016 = 141.4kJ/g The energy value for hydrogen gas is 141.4kJ/g
Ignition Temperature Ignition Temperature is the minimum temperature to which the fuel-oxidizer mixture (or a portion of it) must be heated in order for the combustion reaction to occur. High ignition temperature means the fuel is difficult to ignite, low ignition temperature means the fuel ignites easily making the fuel potentially hazardous. The greater the activation energy of a reaction, the higher the ignition temperature will be.
Ignition Temperature
A match and its striking surface contain a fuel and its oxidizer with a low activation energy and therefore low ignition temperature, so low that the friction of striking the match generates enough heat to raise the temperature sufficiently for ignition to occur. Petrol and oxygen in a car engine have a higher activation energy and therefore a higher ignition temperature. A spark is needed to raise the temperature of the mixture sufficiently near the spark for the mixture to ignite. The heat of reaction generated heats up more of the mixture so the reaction becomes self-sustaining.
Complete combustion of carbon-based fuels produce carbon dioxide and water vapour. Carbon dioxide gas is the main contributor to the greenhouse effect. Incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels produces toxic carbon monoxide and solid carbon(soot). Sulfur and nitrogen are present in fossil fuels. The sulfur burns to produce oxides which contribute to acid rain, while the nitrogen burns to produce oxides that contribute not only to acid rain but also to photochemical smog Solid fuels such as coal contain incombusitible minerals leading to ash. The ash can damage machinery and can cause lung disease. Unburnt fuel can also be released. Unburnt hydrocarbons from cars contribute to photochemical smog and some are carcinogenic. Some fuels contain additives (such as the lead in leaded petrol) which can be harmful
Chemistry Tutorials: Combustion of Hydrocarbons (www.youtube.com)
Gaseous fuels (Hydrocarbon, CnHm) - LPG and methane Liquid Fuels (Hydrocarbon, CnHm) - Gasoline and Diesel Solid fuels (Carbon, C) - coal and wood
(Source: PIPE, Alcorcon 2005)
Molecular Weight of common combustible elements C = 12 = 32 H=1 O = 16 N = 14 S
Composition of air by volume Oxygen in air = 21% Nitrogen in air = 79%

Composition of air by weight Oxygen = 23.20% Nitrogen = 76.80%
Chemical Formula: (Source: PIPE, Capote & Mandawe 2001) Air + Fuels = Products of combustion O2 + a[3.76 N2] + CnHm= b CO2 + cH2O + 3.76 a N2
Ratio by volume of N2 to O2 in air when both gases are the same temperature.
Moles N2 79% ----------------------- = ------------- = 3.76 Moles O2 21%
Chemical Formula of Gaseous fuels CH4 = methane LPG = Propane (C3H8) + butane (C4H10) Chemical Formula of Liquid fuels C4H18 = Octane C16H32 = Cetene C16H34 = Cetane C1H16 = Heptane C6H16 = Isopropyl C2H6 = Ethane
Calculating Air-fuel ratio (A/F) Calculate the theoretical air-fuel ratio of methane (natural gas) as fuel in kga/kgf? CH4 + a[02 + 3.76 N2] = (b) CO2 + (c) H20 + 3.76 (a) N2 H: 1 (4) b: 1 kg-mol C: 1 (1) c: 2 kg-mol O: 2 (a) = b (2) + c (1) O: 2 (a) = 1(2) + 2 (1) a = 2 kg-mol N: 3.76 (2) = 7.52 kg-mol
Then the balanced equation is: CH4 + 2 O2 + 7.52 N2 = 1 (CO2) + 2 (H20) + 7.52 N2 The theoretical A/F by weight is: (A/F)t = 2 (32) + 7.52 (28) / 1(12) + 4 (1) (A/F)t = 274.56 / 16 (A/F)t = 17.16 kga/kgf
Value of A/F for common liquid fuels:

o o o o o o
methane = 17.2 gasoline = 14.7 propane = 15.5 ethanol = 9 methanol = 6.4 hydrogen = 34 diesel = 14.6
(Source: Combustion, URL(pdf); Internal Combustion Engine by the use of Pressure Sesonrs, URL(pdf))
Sample Problem: C8H18 fuel is burned with ideal proportion of air. Calculate the ideal air-fuel ratio by weight. Solution: C8H18 + a[O2 + 3.76N2] = bCO2 + cH20 + 3.76 a N2 Balance: C: 1(8) = b(1) :b=8 H: 1(18) = c(2) : c = 9 O: a(2) = b(2) + c(1) : a = 8(2) + 9(1)/2 = 12.5 kg-mol N: 3.76(a) = 47 kg-mol
Then the theoretical A/F is: (A/F)t = 12.5(32) + 47(28) / 12(8) + 1(18) (A/F)t = 15.05 kga/kgf
Problem: A steam generator burns fuel oil represented by C14H30. The fuel gas leave the preheater at 0.31 Mpa. Determine the ideal A/F in kga/kgf? Solution:
C14H30 + a[O2 + 3.76 N2] = CO2 + H20 + 3.76(a)N2

C: 1(14) = b(1) : b = 14 H: 1(30) = c(2) : c = 15 O: 2(a) = b(2) + c(1) : a = 21.5 N: 3.76(a) = 80.84 (A/F)t = 21.5(32) + 80.84(28) / 12(14) + 1(30) = 14.9 kga/kgf
Theoretical air-fuel ratio (Molal basis): (A/F)t = x + 3.76 (x) Theoretical air-fuel ratio (Mass basis): (A/F)t = 32(x) + 28(3.76)x / 12(n) + m
mol air / mol fuel
kg air/kg fuel
Actual air-fuel ratio: (considering the excess air,e) CnHm + (1+e)a[O2 + 3.76N2] = CO2 + H20 + 3.76(a)N2 (A/F)t (1+e)
Problem: A typical industrial cetene (C16H32) is burned with 20% excess air. Calculate the actual air-fuel ratio by weight. Solution: CnHm + a[O2 + 3.76N2] = b(CO2) + c(H20) + 3.76(a)N2
C16H32 + a[O2 + 3.76N2] = b(CO2) + c(H20) + 3.76(a)N2

C: 1(16) = b(1) : b = 16 H: 1(32) = c(2) : c = 16 O: (a)2 = 2(16) + 16(1) N: 3.76(24) = 90.24
: a = 24
Considering excess air = 20%:
C16H32 + (1.20)a[O2 + 3.76N2] = b(CO2) + c(H20) + d(O2) + 3.76(a)N2

1.20(24)2 = 16(2) + 16(1) + d(2) d = 4.8 Now lets solve for the (A/F)actual: (A/F)a = (1.20)[(24)(32) + 90.24(28)] /12(16) + 1(32) (A/F)a = 3953.66 / 224 (A/F)a = 17.65 kga/kgf
Problem: A steam generator burns fuel oil with 20% excess air represented by C14H30. The fuel gas leave the preheater at 0.31 Mpa. Determine the actual A/F in kga/kgf? Ans. 17.89 Problem: A furnace of a HRT boiler burns fuel oil with 15% excess air. The fuel oil is represented by C14H30. Calculate the actual molal air-fuel ratio. Ans. 117.6 mol air/mol fuel
Assignment: (to be submitted on Monday, October 10, 2011) 1. Calculate the ideal (A/F) for the following fuels: - hydrogen - ethanol - cetane - heptane 2. Calculate also for its actual (A/F) for 20% excess air

MEL1 (3) Fuels&amp Combustion

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MEL1 (3) Fuels&amp Combustion

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MEL 411:

Chemistry Tutorials: Combustion of Hydrocarbons (www.youtube.com)

(Source: PIPE, Alcorcon 2005)

Molecular Weight of common combustible elements C = 12 = 32 H=1 O = 16 N = 14 S

Composition of air by volume Oxygen in air = 21% Nitrogen in air = 79%

Moles N2 79% ----------------------- = ------------- = 3.76 Moles O2 21%

Value of A/F for common liquid fuels:

C14H30 + a[O2 + 3.76 N2] = CO2 + H20 + 3.76(a)N2

mol air / mol fuel

C16H32 + a[O2 + 3.76N2] = b(CO2) + c(H20) + 3.76(a)N2

Considering excess air = 20%:

C16H32 + (1.20)a[O2 + 3.76N2] = b(CO2) + c(H20) + d(O2) + 3.76(a)N2

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