Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Objectives
Uses for internal combustion engines Thermodynamic principles involved Components and purposes of each Operation of systems
Engine Uses
Certain amphibious landing ships Mine warfare ships Patrol craft Tug boats Small boats Outboard motors
Thermodynamic Principles
Open cycle, heated engine Spark ignition Compresses air-fuel mixture Compressed ignition Compresses air only
Diesel engine
Structural Components
Cylinder Block
Part of engine frame that contains cylinders in which piston moves Supports liners & head
Structural Components
Cylinder Head/Assembly
Serves to admit, confine, and release fuel/air Cover to cylinder block Supports valve train Engine frame section that houses the crankshaft Reservoir for collecting and holding
Crankcase
Oil sump
Moving Components
Reciprocating only (pistons and valves) Reciprocation & rotary (connecting rods) Rotary only (crankshafts and camshafts)
Moving Components
Piston
Acted on by combustion gases Lightweight but strong/durable Transfer heat from piston to cylinder Seal cylinder & distribute lube oil Pivot point connecting piston to connecting rod
Piston Rings
Piston Pin
Connecting Rod
Moving Components
Crankshaft
Combines work done by each piston Drives camshafts, generator, pumps, etc. Absorbs and releases kinetic energy of piston strokes -> smoothes rotation of crankshaft
Flywheel
Moving Components
Valves
Intake: open to admit air to cylinder (with fuel in Otto cycle) Exhaust: open to allow gases to be rejected Used to time the addition of intake and exhaust valves Operates valves via pushrods & rocker arms
Operation
Increased pressure of combustion gases acts on piston -> converted to rotary motion Can be 2 or 4 stroke engines
2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft rev 4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft rev
Operation
Engine stroke
A stroke is a single traverse of the cylinder by the piston (from TDC to BDC) 1 revolution of crankshaft = 2 strokes of piston
Intake stroke
Intake valve open, exhaust valve shut Piston travels from TDC to BDC Air drawn in Intake and exhaust valves shut Piston travels from BDC to TDC Temperature and pressure of air increase
Compression stroke
Power stroke
Intake and exhaust valves shut Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites Piston forced from TDC to BDC Intake valve shut, exhaust valve open Piston moves from BDC to TDC Combustion gases expelled
Exhaust stroke
Strokes
Intake Compressi on
Power Exhaust
1 power stroke every crankshaft revolution (vice every two w/ 4stroke) Uses pressurized air to simultaneously supply new air and expel combustion gases Scavenging
Exhaust valve open, inlet port exposed Pressurized air enters, expels combustion gases
Compression
Intake and exhaust valves shut Piston travels from BDC to TDC Temperature and pressure of air increase Intake and exhaust valves shut Fuel injected into cylinder and ignites Piston forced from TDC to BDC
Power stroke
Strokes
Compression
Power (Intake/Exhaus t)
Two-stroke advantages
Higher power to weight ratio Less complicated valve train More efficient burning process As size increases, power-to-weight ratio improves
Four-stroke advantages
Supporting Systems
Air system
Supplies & removes air/gases Air supplied at constant pressure by blower/compressor Carburetor: mixes air & fuel in proper proportion (NOT on diesels) Fuel injector: sprays fuel in (more efficient)
Fuel System
Supporting Systems
Ignition system
Diesel has compression ignition Gasoline has spark plugs Uses fresh water and/or salt water to cool Provide lubrication and cooling
Cooling system
Lubrication system
Safety Precautions
Question s?