INDUSTRIAL SAFETY & HEALTH [CKB 30102]

CONTROL

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you will be able to;

Define principle of control Define the terms of elimination and reduction. List the techniques apply under principle of control method and provide the example. List out methods involve in chemical control. Define procedures and examples in chemical control Define emergency response planning Discuss the elements in emergency response planning.

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GOAL
1. 2. 3.

To control occupational hazards To prevent workers from being exposed to occupational hazards To provide better understanding on the emergency preparedness and responses.

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Congratulations!
Hazards Identified!!!

NEXT
Determine which measure will correct the problem effectively
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CONTROL MEASURES CAN BE DONE AT:-

MORE EFFECTIVE AT:

________?
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Hierarchy of Control
1. Elimination 2. Substitution 3. Engineering Control 4. Isolation 5. Administration Control 6. Personal Protective Equipment

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1. ELIMINATION
Ideal solution. Permanent solution Most effective method. Should always be attempted first

Through prohibition

May mean discontinuing dangerous work

practices. Removing dangerous substances/equipments. Control at its source.

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1.ELIMINATION
EXAMPLE Using machine to do repetitive manual handling Discontinuing noisy machine/process Completely removing asbestos from workplace. Prohibition of some hazards or its source being used, operated or even being in the work area.
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2. PREVENTION OR REDUCTION OF EXPOSURE
THE METHOD CAN BE USED ALONE OR IN COMBINATION TO PREVENT OR REDUCE EXPOSURE TO RISK. MAY INCLUDE ENGINEERING CONTROL METHODS

2a.

2b. 2c.

Substitution Modification Isolation or separation

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SUBSTITUTION OF MATERIAL, PROCESS OR
EQUIPMENT

Replacing the hazard with one that lower risk (and more manageable). EXAMPLE Replacing glass with plastic Using a less hazardous chemical or Vacuuming rather than sweeping
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SUBSTITUTION
Replacement of a hazardous material or process with one that is less hazardous
the replacement of mercury thermometers with alcohol thermometers

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dip coating materials rather than spray coating to reduce the inhalation hazard.

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MODIFICATION (redesign) of equipment, work process or
work environment Requires thinking about ways work could be done differently to make work safer.

EXAMPLE Rearranging aspects of workplace Modifying exhaust system to reduce noise Controlling chemicals through ventilation Using a trolley to move heavy loads.

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ISOLATION or SEPARATION
Isolating or separating the hazard from the person, or the person from the hazard.

EXAMPLE
Enclosing or guarding dangerous equipment
Placing guards on moving parts of machinery Placing barriers around a spill until cleaned up Using remote-controlled handling equipment for hazardous processes

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ISOLATION
Effective when Hazardous jobs can be moved to a fewer people are exposed

part where shift where

Hazardous jobs can be changed to a fewer people are exposed

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ISOLATION
Isolate equipment or sources of hazard

Examples ?
Place control rooms away from operations Separate pump rooms from the other rooms

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ISOLATION

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ISOLATION

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ENCLOSURE
Reduce exposure to fume or vapour, noise or heat by segregation of workers from the source of harm by time or distance - as in mining where workers retire to a safe distance at the time of blasting, - and when such operations take place on shifts when fewer workers are about. More commonly, however, it involves enclosure of the process so that there is a physical barrier between the source of harm and the workers.

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ENCLOSURE GUARDS
Radius panel guards for large turret milling machine included chip-catch perimeter pans

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ENCLOSURE GUARDS

Custom saw guard

Custom made and installed guard panels and machine access stair
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Few examples of types of machine guards

Enclosure guards Interlocking guards Automatic guards Remote control, feeding, placement or ejecting guards

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3. TEMPORARY, LAST RESORT, OR BACK UP MEASURES LOWEST IN HIEARARCHY OF CONTROL STRATEGIES. DEPENDENT ON APPROPRIATE HUMAN BEHAVIOUR TO WORK ADEQUATELY. REQUIRES VERY ROBUST MGMT ENFORCEMENT & COMMITMENT TEND TO BE LESS EFFECTIVE SHOULD NOT BE RELIED ON AS PRIMARY MEANS OF RISK CONTROL

UNTIL OPTIONS HIGHER UP HIEARARCHY OF CONTROL STRATEGIES

ATTEMPTED AND EXHAUSTED.

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3. TEMPORARY, LAST RESORT, OR BACK UP
MEASURES

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS

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ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
Reduction of exposure to risk through use of procedures or instruction.

EXAMPLE: 1. Job rotation to reduce exposure 2. Instruction and training in safe work procedures

3. Limited entry / time in hazardous areas.

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS
Worn by people as final barrier between themselves and the hazard. Success dependent on PPE being chosen correctly; Worn / worn correctly / used correctly;

Maintained in good condition.

Often more expensive in long term when cost of maintenance, supervision and injuries/diseases taken into account

EXAMPLE: Ear muffs and ear plugs, respirators, goggles, masks and hard hats.
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Chemical Control
Usage, spillage, exposure of chemicals

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Avoid injuries, illnesses, hazard, harm

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SUBSTITUTION ENCLOSURE ISOLATION

CHEMICAL CONTROL

VENTILATION WET METHOD

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SUBSTITUTION Substitution occurs when a new chemical or substance is used instead of another chemical. It is sometimes grouped with elimination because, in effect, you are removing the first substance or hazard from the workplace. The goal, obviously, is to choose a new chemical that is less hazardous than the original.

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SUBSTITUTION

Choosing a substitute chemical: Less volatile/Highly volatile Liquid form/Solid form material

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Instead Of:

SUBSTITUTION
Consider: 1,1,1-trichloroethane, dichloromethane toluene, cyclohexane, ketones "natural" pesticides such as pyrethrins

carbon tetrachloride (causes liver damage, cancer) benzene (causes cancer) pesticides (causes various effects on body)

organic solvents (causes various effects on body)

leaded glazes, paints, pigments (causes various effects on body) sandstone grinding wheels (causes severe respiratory illness due to silica)

water-detergent solutions
versions that do not contain lead synthetic grinding wheels such as aluminium oxide

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Perchloroethylene (PERC) is the most commonly used dry cleaning solvent. PERC can enter the body through respiratory and dermal exposure. Symptoms associated with exposure include: depression of the central nervous system; damage to the liver and kidneys; impaired memory; confusion; dizziness; headache; drowsiness; and eye, nose, and throat irritation. Repeated dermal exposure may result in dermatitis. NIOSH considers PERC a potential human carcinogen.
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PERC Dry-cleaning agent
S U B S T I T U T E
WETCLEANING

PETROLEUM-BASED DRYCLEANING

LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE

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VENTILATION
To control toxic and/or flammable atmospheres by exhausting or supplying air to either remove hazardous atmospheres at their source or dilute them to a safe level. To prevent the work environment from being too hot, cold, dry or humid To prevent contaminants in the air from getting into the area where workers breathe {breathing zone}.

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VENTILATION
General Local Exhaust

VENTILATION

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VENTILATION
Local exhaust Attempts to enclose the material, equipment or process as much as possible and to withdraw air from the physical enclosure at a rate sufficient to assure that the direction of air movement at all openings is always into the enclosure (e.g. fume hood).

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VENTILATION
Fumes are sucked into an open tank with side slots and into a closed system, through which they are then transferred to a disposal point away from the workers. For example a degreasing tank.
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VENTILATION
Fumes are sucked into a canopy hood which hangs over a contaminant and forced out through a ventilation duct. It is very effective where the air pollutants have a high temperature, or if they rise in the air for another reason for example, the heat from furnaces or ovens causes pollutants to rise.
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VENTILATION
General ventilation Attempts to control hazardous atmospheres by diluting the atmosphere to a safe level by either exhausting or supplying air to the general area (e.g. evaporative cooler).

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VENTILATION

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VENTILATION

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VENTILATION
Effectiveness:

How quickly the hazardous agent is being released into the air How much and how quickly fresh air is introduced/ coming in How the contaminated air is being removed

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WET METHOD Alternative method for ventilation. This type of method is applied to a dusty working environment. Objectives: Minimize the dust released to the surroundings and atmosphere Minimize and eliminate the risk of inhaling the dust

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WET METHOD Spraying water onto the equipment that produces dust in order to reduce or eliminate the dust emission

Water will be sprayed gently to the dust so the dust or particles will be clogged together with water droplets
Care must be taken to collect and properly dispose of the wetted material and water containing the material.

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Wet processing is extremely effective in reducing the possibility of dust generation.

Processes which may be wetted typically have much lower dust levels than processes that run entirely dry.

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WET METHOD

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WET METHOD

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WET METHOD

A huge backhoe takes down walls while workers spray water on the rubble to keep dust down
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EMERGENCY PLANNING

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Type of Emergencies
Fire Explosion Release / spill of hazardous substances Natural events; flood, cyclones, earthquakes, tsunami Bomb threat Hijack / Pirates

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Objectives
Prevent fatalities and injuries Reduce damage to buildings, stock and equipment Accelerate the resumption of normal operations

1. 2. 3.

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ELEMENTS OF EMERGENCY PLANNING

1. 2.

Identify types of emergencies. Establish procedure for all possible emergencies, consequences, required actions, written procedures (such firefighting procedures and chemical spill procedures) and the resources available. Prepare Emergency escape procedures - contain all of the necessary actions to be taken in case of an incident. Identify the person who will remain to perform (shut down) critical plant operations before evacuate.

3.

4.

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ELEMENTS OF EMERGENCY PLANNING

5.

Establish other teams like search & rescue, medical duties, fire fighting team, food handling and etc for those employees who are to perform them.

6.

Establish procedures to be followed by for all employees after emergency evacuation has been completed. Establish the preferred means for reporting /communication during emergency situation.
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7.

ELEMENTS OF EMERGENCY PLANNING

8.

Prepare and keep Floor plans (Large scale maps showing evacuation and service conduits (such as gas and water lines) at designated area for easy reference during emergency. The plan must also include list an equipment and materials required to properly respond to an incident, an indication of their locations and a description of the procedures for using the equipment and materials

9.

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ELEMENTS OF EMERGENCY PLANNING

10.

Establish Contact List : i) Detailed lists of personnel including their home telephone numbers, their duties and responsibility and ii) relevant government bodies, hospitals, ambulance and etc Perform drill at regular basis.

10. 11.

Prepare post mortem report for improvement

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