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RESOURCE

WARS
Ana Marice del Mundo
Princess Fatima Parahiman
•Introduction
•History of Resource Wars
•Reasons Resource Wars
1st : Need of super power
Table of Contents countries for
natural resource
Introduction security
2nd: Rise of big but ill
History endowed nations
3rd: Billions of Revenues
Reasons flowing into
poorly governed
Contemporary Wars but resource-
rich countries
What can be done 4th: Global Climate Change
•Contemporary Resource
Wars
Africa
Table of Contents Timber Wars
Water Disputes
Introduction The US scramble for more
oil
History
•What can be done
Reasons

Contemporary Wars

What can be done


 Resource War is a form of
conflict over
Table of Contents natural resources such as
land, water, minerals and
Introduction energy resources
 Intensity of conflict varies
History  It starts from households to
local, to regional, to societal,
Reasons
and to global scale

Contemporary Wars

What can be done


Our Focus will be resource
Table of Contents
war in the sense that the
intensity of conflict has
Introduction resulted into violently
coming into blows of people
History either in regional or global
scale.
Reasons

Contemporary Wars

What can be done


 European Power’s Great
Colonial Expansion
 One of the first ever recorded
global resource war
Table of Contents
 Started in the 15th century and
lasted until the 19th century
Introduction  mostly driven by the search of
resources such as land, timber,
gold, minerals, spices, slaves,
History
furs, rubber, and oil, among
others
Reasons
 European violence set the
terms on which resource
Contemporary Wars
extraction occurred

What can be done


 Seven Years of War
 Also known as the French and
Indian war that took place from
1689 to 1763
Table of Contents
 Another global resource war

Introduction  Today’s target of the super


power countries include the oil-
History rich countries of the Middle
East and Africa
Reasons  Fighting Communism was the
usual excuse to penetrate such
Contemporary Wars countries

What can be done


1. Need of super power
countries for natural
resource security
Table of Contents

Introduction
• United States’ efforts to
transform the political landscape
History of the Middle East, home to the
world's largest petroleum energy
Reasons reserves and make it as part of
the American Custody
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


• “War on Terror” as the best
example:
 Oil abundance in the Persian
Table of Contents Gulf (3/4 of the whole
world’s!!!)
Introduction  A very profitable pipeline

History
planned in Afghanistan
 The problem: Taliban
Leadership that limits their
Reasons
business opportunities
 Solution: militarization of
Contemporary Wars
the Region
What can be done
1. Rise of big but ill
endowed nations

Table of Contents • The growth of China, India and


other developing countries has been
Introduction fuelling the great need for natural
resources
History

Reasons

Contemporary Wars

What can be done


• The fallbacks:
 The combination of low
efficiency, rapid growth and
an emphasis on heavy
Table of Contents industry have combined to
make the country a voracious
Introduction consumer and polluter of
natural resources.
History
 Because of the heavy global
competition, it focuses instead
Reasons on areas where human-rights
abuses and bad governance
Contemporary Wars keep the major oil companies
at bay
What can be done
1. Billions of Revenues
flowing into poorly
governed but resource-
Table of Contents rich countries
Introduction
• control over resources gives such
History governments a strong incentive to
maintain power, even at the
Reasons expense of public welfare and the
rights of the population
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


• unaccountable
governments with large
Table of Contents revenue streams at their
disposal have multiple
Introduction opportunities to divert
funds for illegal purposes
History
• armed conflict can be
aggravated by the actions of
Reasons third-party governments
seeking to profit
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


• Killings, maiming, forced
conscription, the use of child
soldiers, sexual abuse, and
Table of Contents other atrocities characterize
numerous past and ongoing
Introduction conflicts.
History
• Iran is building a nuclear-
weapons program with the
Reasons revenues from its oil exports.

Contemporary Wars

What can be done


• Russia has funded trouble
in Chechnya, Georgia and
other places with oil and
gas rents.
Table of Contents

Introduction • Islamic terrorists also have


benefited, in part, from oil
History
revenues that leak out of
oil-rich societies or are
Reasons channeled directly from
sympathetic governments.
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


1. Global Climate Change

• Indicators are very alarming


Table of Contents • could multiply stresses on
natural resources and trigger
Introduction
water wars
History • Decline in the ability to sustain
agriculture
Reasons

Contemporary Wars

What can be done


• catalyze the spread of
disease
Table of Contents • bring about mass
migrations of "climate
Introduction
refugees", which could
History stress border controls
and also cause strife if
the displaced don't fit
Reasons
well in their new
societies
Contemporary Wars
• Spread of diseases such
What can be done as malaria
AFRICA

Table of Contents
“Africa bleeds
Introduction
because of
History

its abundant
Reasons

wealth.”
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


AFRICA

Table of Contents Six of the major diamond-


producing countries in the
Introduction world are found in Africa.
History tropical forests
mineral wealth
Reasons
oil reserves

Contemporary Wars

What can be done


AFRICA
Most countries in Africa follow
Table of Contents the same pattern
Rebels, government and
Introduction
historical clash between them
History As the civil war rages on, money
is important to feed the troops
Reasons
and purchase arms.
Resources, exploitative countries
and the MNCs
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


AFRICA
Genocide in Darfur

Table of Contents Land of the Fur


An oil-rich territory west of
Introduction
Sudan
History Its people are mostly Muslim,
black African
Reasons An example of a conflict that
involved racism and ethnic
Contemporary Wars rivalries, and later evolved
into a quest for more oil.
What can be done
AFRICA
Genocide in Darfur
The North and South Sudan have
Table of Contents
had civil war for years due to ethnic
and racial issues
Introduction
The two signed the Comprehensive
History Peace Treaty, but Darfur was
excluded
Reasons
the Fur tribe must be eliminated in
order for seismographic activities,
Contemporary Wars drilling and establishment of
pipelines to commence.
What can be done
AFRICA
Angola
During the Cold War the
Table of Contents
government and the rebel
Introduction
group, UNITA, fought over
ideology and power.
History

Reasons
When the Cold War ended,
the rebels continued to fight.
They seized Angola’s richest
Contemporary Wars
diamond territory.
What can be done
AFRICA
Angola
They funded their campaign
Table of Contents against the government thru
the diamond trade.
Introduction

History Angola has oil offshore.

Reasons
The government got funding
from Western oil companies.
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


AFRICA
Sierra Leone
The same diamond
Table of Contents wars story occurs in
Sierra Leone. Only, in
Introduction
Sierra Leone, the
History government employs
private armies to help
Reasons defeat the insurgency
led by the rebel group
Contemporary Wars
RUF.

What can be done


AFRICA
Congo
The Democratic Republic of
Table of Contents Congo is considered as one of
the planet's resource- richest
Introduction
countries.
History

Timber, gold, diamonds,


Reasons
copper, cobalt, coltan, and of
course, oil reserves
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


AFRICA
The sad reality
The rebel warlords and head of
Table of Contents governments have grown richer
over time.
Introduction

History MNCs get what they want, and


the world enjoys the supply of
Reasons these resources.

Contemporary Wars
Africa appears to be a continent
of wars
What can be done
TIMBER
WARS
Borneo is the world's fourth largest
Table of Contents
island. It boasts of some of the world's
largest surviving tropical forests.
Introduction Borneo, Malaysia, Indonesia
The tropical forest of Borneo is home
History
to many flora and fauna, a number of
which can be found nowhere else in
Reasons
the world.
The indigenous people living in the
Contemporary Wars forest are collectively called Dayak.

What can be done


TIMBER WARS
Sarawak,
Malaysia
a territory of Malaysia in
Table of Contents Borneo
The government has given
Introduction
concessionaires forest rights.
History Every year, five percent of the
area is cleared.
Reasons The Dayak has repeatedly asked
authorities to stop the
Contemporary Wars destruction of the forest, but
they wouldn’t listen.
What can be done
TIMBER WARS
Sarawak, Malaysia
Small groups of men and women
Table of Contents established blockades in 23 sites
to stop the transport of timber.
Introduction Pressured by the logging
History
companies, the government sent
troops to face the natives. It even
Reasons
passed a law threatening to arrest
anyone who would obstruct the
logging operations.
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


TIMBER WARS
Kalimantan,
Indonesia
The government has set aside
Table of Contents
millions of acres of its tropical
forest for conversion into
Introduction
commercial rubber and palm-oil
plantations.
History

Madurese (from the island of


Reasons Madur) people were hired by the
plantation firms.
Contemporary Wars
They were on the frontlines of
What can be done battle.
TIMBER WARS
Kalimantan, Indonesia
The clashes between the Dayak and
Table of Contents the Madurese escalated.
Introduction
Soon, the two parties used fire as a
History weapon.

Reasons
Today, forests in Borneo are being
converted into plantations for
Contemporary Wars
Biofuel production.
What can be done
WATER
DISPUTES
Clean water is the “next oil”.
Table of Contents
With rising demand for a growing
Introduction population, pollution and adverse
effects of the global warming
History

In his Millennium Report, Kofi


Reasons
Annan suggests that under present
trends, two out of three people will
Contemporary Wars soon live under “water-stressed”
countries.
What can be done
WATER
DISPUTES

Table of Contents
Water systems running
Introduction
through multiple states
are always concerns,
History especially if those states
have long-standing
Reasons tensions and deep-
rooted political conflicts.
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


WATER
DISPUTES
The Indus River system is important
for irrigation in Pakistan and India.
Table of Contents

Introduction The two have signed the Indus Waters


Treaty.
History

Pakistan has accused India of violating


Reasons the Indus Waters Treaty and of
obstructing the daily flow of water to
Contemporary Wars Pakistan after the latter constructed
the Wular Barrage.
What can be done
WATER
DISPUTES
The Israel-Palestine Six-day
Table of Contents war

Introduction
The Mekong River is shared by
History the countries of the Mekong
Sub-region - China, Vietnam,
Reasons Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, and
Cambodia. The river's
Contemporary Wars headwater is at the Tibetan
Plateau and exits to the South
What can be done China Sea.
WATER
DISPUTES
China, with its growing
Table of Contents
population and
hydroelectric power needs,
Introduction
have gone into a dam-
History construction binge. The
country houses close to a
Reasons half of the total number of
dams in the world. Those
Contemporary Wars dams are causing irregular
flow and volume of water to
What can be done the other states.
WATER
DISPUTES
The Tigris and Euphrates
Table of Contents Rivers are shared by Turkey,
Syria and Iraq.
Introduction

History The Nile River – the world’s


longest – runs through ten
Reasons African countries

Contemporary Wars

What can be done


WATER DISPUTES
Environmental concerns
Aral Sea was once the fourth
largest lake. It is fed by two river
Table of Contents
systems – Syr Darya and Amu
Darya.
Introduction
The former Soviet Union diverted
History these waters to irrigate the cotton
fields and generate power. When
Reasons
the union collapsed, five countries
in Central Asia fought over these
water systems.
Contemporary Wars In 2007, the desiccation of the Aral
Sea has shrunk it to 10% of its
What can be done original size.
WATER DISPUTES
Environmental concerns
China plans to build a canal in the
Table of Contents Mekong River. She’ll use it to
transport petroleum from Thailand
Introduction to Southern China. With hundreds
History
of millions of people whose
livelihood are directly connected to
Reasons
the river, an oil spill, which would
destroy the river's ecosystem, would
be extremely catastrophic.
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


THE UNITED STATES’
SCRAMBLE FOR (more)
OIL
Oil
Table of Contents

After consuming most of


Introduction their oil reserves,
industrialized nations now
History
look to tap the resources of
the rest of the world.
Reasons

He who controls the


Contemporary Wars
resources controls the world.

What can be done


THE UNITED STATES’
SCRAMBLE FOR (more) OIL
The USA has made moves that
would ensure her world domination
Table of Contents
and keep her position as the world’s
only superpower.
Introduction

History
The United States has an agreement
with the King of Saudi Arabia. In
exchange of protecting the kingdom,
Reasons US will have exclusive access to the
latter’s oil fields.
Contemporary Wars
True to her promise, US has fought
wars for KSA.
What can be done
THE UNITED STATES’
SCRAMBLE FOR (more) OIL
The hunt for Osama bin Laden
Table of Contents

Introduction
Iraq and the war against
terrorism
History After five years of war with no WMD
found and with the dictator, Saddam
Reasons Hussein, resting in peace, and US
still on Iraqi soil, it is common belief
now that the war is really about oil.
Contemporary Wars

What can be done


THE UNITED STATES’
SCRAMBLE FOR (more)
OIL
The US military is slowly being
Table of Contents
transformed into an army whose main
mission is to protect oil fields and
Introduction
pipelines.

History After the discovery of the oil reserves on


the Caspian Basin, US has taken the
Reasons responsibility of ensuring the safety of
the oil pipelines. She has armed the
Georgian military in order to protect the
Contemporary Wars
area from Islamic insurgents and ethnic
oppositions.
What can be done
Some have proposed strict
enforcement of embargoes, especially
against the illegal trade of diamonds
and timber. The international
financial institutions are also asked to
make sure that money loaned goes to
Table of Contents economic development and not to
civil war funds. Most of these
Introduction measures are directed to countries in
Africa.
History But, who will sanction the superpower?
And who will keep an eye on
multinational companies? What is
Reasons the incentive for the international
community to stop the wars in Africa
when it gains from them?
Contemporary Wars

What can be done

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