DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT

TIE-IN AND REVISION

COMPARISON OF PRIMARY RADAR AND SECONDARY RADAR.
POWER REQUIREMENT. RANGE FROM A PARTICULAR REPORTING POINT.

REVISION
ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY RADAR OVER PRIMARY RADAR
POWER REQUIRED IS LESSER AS THE SIGNALS ARE ONLY DOING A ONE WAY JOURNEY. BECAUSE OF DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES, ANY TRANSMITTER WILL NOT PICK UP ITS OWN GROUND REFLECTION.

ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY RADAR OVER PRIMARY RADAR

INTERFERENCE THROUGH WEATHER IS REDUCED. SYSTEM IS INDEPENDENT OF RADAR CROSS SECTION i.e. REFLECTING AREA , SHAPE, MATERIAL.

ADVANTAGES OF SECONDARY RADAR OVER PRIMARY RADAR

PRINCIPLE OF DME
CONCEPT- PROVIDES SLANT RANGE TO THE BEACON ON GROUND.
DISTANCE= (SPEED X TIME)/2

PRINCIPLE OF DME
PRINCIPLE - SECONDARY RADAR
PRINCIPLE. - RANGE BY PULSE TECHNIQUE. AIRCRAFT INTERROGATION IS BY PULSE PAIRS.

PRINCIPLE OF DME
GROUND TRANSPONDER REPLIES AFTER A FIXED DELAY ON A DIFFERENT FREQUENCY. REPLY RECEIVED BY AN INTERROGATOR RECEIVER. R=(T-50)/12.359
R= RANGE IN NM.

DME SYSTEM
Transponder RX TX Interrogator

DELAY 50 s

RANGE CCT O/P

TX

RX

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

NEED FOR FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL SPACING.
TRANSPONDER RESPONSE WILL BE SWAMPED BY GROUND REFLECTION OF THE ORIGINAL TX. SELF TRIGGERING. ( AVOIDED BY USING DIFFERENT FREQUENCY.)

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

OPERATES IN THE UHF BAND FREQUENCY RANGE : 962- 1213 MHZ 2 TYPES OF BEACONS
X TYPE Y TYPE

EACH IS DIVIDED INTO 2 BANDS

HIGH LOWCHANNEL NO. 1-63 CHANNEL NO.64-126

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

X BEACONS
LOW:
AC TX 1025 1087 MHZ. GROUND REPLIES ON 962 1024 MHZ (-63 MHZ DIFFERENCE). CHANNELS ALLOCATED 1X TO 63X.

HIGH:
AC TX 1088 1150 MHZ. GROUND REPLIES ON 1151 1213 MHZ ( + 63 MHZ DIFFERENCE). CHANNELS ALLOCATED 64X TO 126 X

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

Y BEACONS
LOW:
AC TX 1025 1087 MHZ. GROUND REPLIES ON 1088 1150 MHZ (+63 MHZ DIFFERENCE). CHANNELS ALLOCATED 1Y TO 63Y.

HIGH:
AC TX 1088 1150 MHZ. GROUND REPLIES ON 1024 1150 MHZ ( - 63 MHZ DIFFERENCE). CHANNELS ALLOCATED 64Y TO 126 Y.

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

63 CHANNELS IN BOTH LOW AND HIGH; TOTAL NUMBER OF CHANNELS = 126. TWO TYPES X AND Y . TOTAL REPLY CHANNELS = 252.

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

TIME INTERVAL BETWEEN PULSES.
X TYPE: INTERRROGATOR 12S. TRANSPONDER 12S. Y TYPE: INTERRROGATOR 36S. TRANSPONDER 30S.

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

GROUND INTERROGATOR DELAY:
X TYPE REPLY DELAY: 50S.

Y TYPE REPLY DELAY:

74S.

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

CHANNEL SPACING: 1 MHZ. TYPE OF EMISSION: P0N
P= UNMODULATED SEQUENCE OF PULSES. 0= NO MODULATING SIGNAL. N= NO INFORMATION IS TRANSMITTED.

FREQUENCY AND CHANNEL ALLOCATION

IDENT SIGNALS:
CODED TONE MODULATED AT 1350 KHZ. TRANSMITTED EVERY 7 SEC

GROUND EQUIPMENT
SINGLE POLE ANTENNA CUT TO IDEAL LENGTH OF 1090 MHZ. WHEN COLOCATED PLACED ON TOP OF VOR ANTENNA.

GROUND EQUIPMENT

GROUND EQUIPMENT
SINGLE POLE ANTENNA CUT TO IDEAL LENGTH OF 1090 MHZ. WHEN COLOCATED PLACED ON TOP OF VOR ANTENNA. VOR PAIRING
X CHANNEL ARE PAIRED WITH 100 KHZ FREQ. Y CHANNEL ARE PAIRED WITH 50 KHZ FREQ.

AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT
RANDOM /JITTERED PRF
NEED: PROBLEM OF IDENTIFYING THE CORRECT REPLY WHEN THE BEACON IS BEING INTERROGATED BY MORE THAN ONE AC.

TECHNIQUE OF IDENTIFICATION OF OWN REPLIES

ALL TX AT SAME PRF = 25, PULSE RECURRENCE PERIOD = 40,000 SECS TRANSMISSION PATTERN OF ONE AIRCRAFT

40,000 SECS

40,000 SECS

REPLY PATTERN OF GROUND BEACON TO EACH AIRCRAFT

40,000 SECS

40,000 SECS

LET US ASSUME THERE ARE A NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT THE AIRBORNE RX RECEIVES ALL TRANSMISSIONS BY THE GRD BEACON

IDENTIFICATION OF ONES OWN REPLIES DIFFICULT

AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT
RANDOM /JITTERED PRF
SOLUTION ACHIEVED BY DELIBERATE RANDOM VARIATION BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE PAIRS OF PULSES.

RANDOM PRF TECHNIQUE

TX BY ANY AIRCRAFT WITH PRF = 25, BUT WITH PRP CLOSE TO 40,000 SECS 39000 41,000 39,500 40,900 40,000 40,100

REPLY PATTERN OF GROUND BEACON TO THE AIRCRAFT

39000

41,000

39,500

40,900

40,000

40,100

LET US ASSUME THERE ARE A NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT THE AIRBORNE RX RECEIVES ALL TRANSMISSIONS BY THE GRD BEACON

37000

39,000

41,000

39,500

OWN REPLIES EASILY IDENTIFIED

LOCK FOLLOW TECHNIQUE

CATERS FOR RELATIVE MOTION BETWEEN BEACON AND THA AC. TIME GATE ( TYPICALLY 20S WIDE)TRACKS THE RECEIVED PULSES.

INTERROGATION PATTERN

TRANSPONDER RESPONSES

LOCK FOLLOW TECHNIQUE

CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE
SIGNALS ON THE SAME FREQUENCY INTERELEAVE BUT NOT ADD.

SUMMARIZE PHASE I

QUESTION
WHAT WILL BE THE INDICATED RANGE ON THE DME ONCE CHECKING OVERHEAD THE BEACON AT 30,000FT?
ANS: 5 NM

PHASE II

MODES OF OPERATION
SEARCH MODE ACQUISITION MODE TRACK MODE MEMORY MODE

MODES OF OPERATION
SEARCH MODE:15000 PULSES FIRED AT 150 PPS,THEN 60 PPS TILL LOCK IS ACHIEVED. TRACK MODE: LOW PRF OF 25-30 PPS IS MAINTAINED AND A CONTINOUS RANGE IS INDICATED.

MODES OF OPERATION
ACQUISITION MODE: FINITE PERIOD OF TRANSITION FROM SEARCH TO TRACK MODE. THE EQUIPMENT IS NEITHER SEARCHING NOR TRACKING DURING THIS PERIOD.

MODES OF OPERATION
-- MEMORY MODE: IF THE REPLY DETECTED IS BELOW A PRESET VALUE; OR IN CASE OF TEMPORARY LOSS OF CONTACT,EITHER DUE TO POWER LOSS OR DUE TO MANOEUVRES , -- MEMORY CIRCUIT FOR 4-12 S
STATIC MEMORY: READ OUT MAINTAINED STEADY. VELOCITY MEMORY: MAINTAINS LAST KNOWN RATE.

FEATURES OF DME
AUTO STANDBY:
REQUIREMENT IS AT THE AC, WHEN OUT OF RANGE ,NO SIGNALS WILLL BE RECEIVED. CONCEPT:
SIGNAL ACTIVATED SEARCH. INHIBITS INTERROGATION UNTIL AC IS WITHIN RANGE OF THE BEACON AND SIGNALS ARE RECEIVED.

AUTO STANDBY MODE

AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME OUT OF RANGE, WASTED EFFORT

DME TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN

ARRIVAL OF FIRST AIRCRAFT WITHIN DME RANGE

AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME NOT TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN

FEATURES OF DME
SQUITTER PULSES
REQUIREMENT IS AT THE GROUND BEACON,DUE INHIBITION OF AC INTERROGATIONS UNTIL IT DETECTS SIGNALS FROM THE BEACON. PULSE PAIRS AT THE GROUND ARE TX EVEN WITHOUT INTERROGATION. RATE OF TX IS MINIMUM 700 PPS TO A MAXIMUM OF 2700 PPS.

SQUITTER PULSES IN ACTION

AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN

FEATURES OF DME
BEACON SATURATION
AVERAGE INTERROGATION RATE IS 27 PPS.NUMBER OF SQUITTER PULSES ARE 2700 (MAX). EACH AC USING 27 PULSES; THUS 2700/27 = 100 AC ACCOMODATED. AS INTERROGATIONS ARE RECEIVED,THE SENSITIVITY OF THE RX IS DECREASED SO AS TO REPLY TO 100 STRONGEST SIGNALS.

FEATURES OF DME
BEACON SATURATION

SUMMARIZE PHASE II

QUESTION
What is the requirement of squitter pulses?

AUTO STANDBY MODE

AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME OUT OF RANGE, WASTED EFFORT

DME TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN

ARRIVAL OF FIRST AIRCRAFT WITHIN DME RANGE

AUTO STBY MODE ON

DME NOT TRIGGERED

DME GRD BCN

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

ADVANTAGES OF DME AS SECONDARY RADAR
PWR REQUIREMENT - LESSER LONGER RANGES NO CLUTTER OR UNWANTED ECHOES FROM CLOUDS, HIGH GROUND AND BUILDINGS. IDENTIFICATION OF SIGNALS AUTOMATICALLY DONE WITH LITTLE / NO EFFORT FROM THE AIRCREW INFORMATION INSTANTANEOUS & UNAMBIGUOUS. NO A/C MANOEUVRES REQUIRED FOR IDENTIFICATION. INFORMATION NOT DEPENDENT ON RCS.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

PRINCIPLE AND VARIOUS MODES OF DME.

HOME ASSIGNMENT
EXPLAIN RANDOM PRF AND LOCK FOLLOW TECHNIQUE IN DME? WHY IS THERE A DIFFERENCE IN THE INTERROGATOR AND GROUND REPLY FREQUENCY?