CAMERS AND

PHOTOGRAPHY
PRESENTATION
 Contents
•Camera and Photography definitions

Digital Vs Traditional
‘Positives and negatives’ of a traditional

Focus and exposure

Before and After
Resolution and Print sizes
Digital Camera Onboard Storage
Bibliography
 SLR
(single Lens Reflex)
• A SLR is a single lens reflex camera. Light coming into
the camera through the lens that takes pictures is
reflected up by a mirror behind the lens onto a ground
mirror screen above. You look at this screen through
the viewfinder and a 5 sided glass prism (a pentaprism)
is used to turn the image the correct way round. Well
known makes of SLR inlcude Nikon, Canon, Olympus,
Minolta and Pentax in 35mm and Hassleblad and
Mamiya in medium format.
• The mirror has to lift up out of the way before the
picture is taken. Some cameras have used a partial
mirror which lets some light through so the mirror does
not need to move. Although not successful in film
cameras, this is very effective in some digital models.
 CCD (Charged Couple
Device)
• CCD: Abbreviation for charge coupled device. A semiconductor - image
sensing device that
• (a) is usually in the form of a plane rectangular matrix of microscopic,
individual sensing elements, each of which corresponds to an image pixel,
• (b) is placed at the focal plane of an optical imaging system, and
• (c) converts the optical image into electrical signals which represent the
information contained within each pixel, and which may be extracted
sequentially and stored or otherwise processed in digital form for the
purpose of transmitting or storing a digital representation of the optical
image.
• Note: CCDs are commonly used as image sensors in professional and
consumer television cameras and camcorders, and as image sensors in
digital still cameras.
CCD (Charged Couple
Device)
inside view
 Aperture
• Aperture controls light by varying the size of the opening in a lens
Both shutter speed and aperture affect the amount of light entering the
camera and both affect sharpness but in different ways. Aperture
controls depth of field, and shutter speed affects the sharpness of
moving objects. Once setting any combination of the two for proper
exposure, either can be changed, but not without changing the other.
When using a larger aperture, a fast shutter speed must be used giving
less depth of field and more control over motion. When using a slower
shutter speed, a smaller aperture must be used giving greater depth of
field and showing more motion in the photograph. In extreme cases,
the choice must often be made between great depth of field or sharper
subjects.
 Shutter Speed
• In photography, shutter speed is the time for which the shutter is held open
during the taking of a photograph to allow light to reach the film or imaging
sensor (in a digital camera).
• In combination with variation of the lens aperture, this regulates how exposed
the film will be or how much light the imaging sensor in a digital camera will
receive. For a given exposure, a fast shutter speed demands a larger aperture to
avoid under-exposure, just as a slow shutter speed is offset by a very small
aperture to avoid over-exposure. Long shutter speeds are often used in low
light condition, such as at night.
• Shutter speed is measured in seconds. A typical shutter speed for photographs
taken in sunlight is 1/125th of a second. In addition to its effect on exposure,
shutter speed changes the way movement appears in the picture. Very short
shutter speeds are used to freeze fast-moving subjects, for example at sporting
events. Very long shutter speeds are to intentionally blur a moving subject for
artistic effect.
 DIGITAL
• Digital cameras, in the sense of a device meant to be
carried and used like a handheld film camera, appeared in
1981 with the demonstration of the Sony Mavica
(Magnetic Video Camera). This is not to be confused with
the later cameras by Sony that also bore the Mavica name.
This was an analog camera that recorded to a 2x2 inch
"video floppy". In essence it was a video movie camera
that recorded single frames, 50 per disk in field mode and
25 per disk in frame mode. The image quality was
considered equal to that of then-current televisions.
• The first true digital camera, that recorded images as a
computerized file, was likely the Fuji DS-1P of 1988,
which recorded to a 16MB internal memory card that used
a battery to keep the data in memory. This camera was
never marketed in the United States. The first
commercially available digital camera was the 1991 Kodak
DCS-100, the beginning of a long line of professional SLR
cameras by Kodak that were based in part on film bodies,
often Nikons. It used a 1.3 megapixel sensor and was
priced at $13,000.
• The move to digital formats was helped by the formation
of the first JPEG and MPEG standards in 1988, which
allowed image and video files to be compressed for
storage. The first consumer camera with an LCD display
on the back was the Casio QV-10 in 1995, and the first
camera to used compact flash was the Kodak DC-25 in
1996.
• The marketplace for consumer digital cameras was
originally low resolution (either analog or digital) cameras
built for utility. In 1997 the first megapixel cameras for
consumers were marketed. The first camera that offered
the ability to record video clips may have been the Rioch
RDC-1 in 1995.
• 1999 saw the introduction of the Nikon D1, a 2.74
megapixel camera that was the first digital SLR developed
entirely by a major manufacturer, and at a cost of under
$6,000 at introduction was affordable by professional
photographers and high end consumers. This camera also
used Nikon F-mount lenses, which meant film
photographers could use many of the same lenses they
already owned.
• 2003 saw the introduction of the Canon Digital Rebel, a 6
megapixel camera and the first digital SLR priced under
$1,000, and thus affordable to consumers.
 Traditional camera
• The first permanent photograph was made in 1826
by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce using a sliding
wooden box camera made by Charles and Vincent
Chevalier in Paris. However, while this was the
birth of photography, the camera itself can be
traced back much further. Before the invention of
photography, there was no way to preserve the
images produced by these cameras apart from
manually tracing them.
• The first camera that was small and portable enough to be
practical for photography was built by Johann Zahn in
1685, though it would be almost 150 years before
technology caught up to the point where this was possible.
Early photographic cameras were essentially similar to
Zahn's model, though usually with the addition of sliding
boxes for focusing. Before each exposure a sensitized plate
would be inserted in front of the viewing screen to record
the image. Jacques Daguerre's popular daguerreotype
process utilized copper plates, while the calotype process
invented by William Fox Talbot recorded images on paper.
• The development of the collodion wet plate process by
Frederick Scott Archer in 1850 cut exposure times
dramatically, but required photographers to prepare and
develop their glass plates on the spot, usually in a mobile
darkroom. Despite their complexity, the wet-plate
ambrotype and tintype processes were in widespread use in
the latter half of the 19th century. Wet plate cameras were
little different from previous designs, though there were
some models (such as the sophisticated Dubroni of 1864)
where the sensitizing and developing of the plates could be
carried out inside the camera itself rather than in a separate
darkroom. Other cameras were fitted with multiple lenses
for making cartes de visite. It was during the wet plate era
that the use of bellows for focusing became widespread.
Positive and
negatives
 RESOLUTION
• When a digital image is used in a newsletter
or website, the resolution will be almost
perfect. However, when a digital image is
enlarged, the picture will lose its quality and
tend to pixelate.
 Quality
• A digital camera’s quality can be matched
to that of a traditional camera. The amount
of information that is contained on a piece
of film can be stored into memory. Doing
this, does not come cheaply. (Some Digital
cameras with the quality of that film, can
cost as much as $35,000.)
 convenience
Most digital cameras have a built-in LCD screen, (liquid-
crystal displays). This gives the photographer a huge
reduction in costs also cutting down on unnecessary
expenses and labor costs.
There is a very big price difference in developing photos
from a digital camera rather then a traditional camera.
The image can be quickly and easily converted onto a
computer (or any storage devise).
No chemicals are needed to process the photos, this makes
digital photography a safer choice for the processor and
the environment.
 Costs
• The image can be quickly and easily be
converted into a computer (or any storage
devise). The costs of printing images from a
digital camera is much cheaper compared to
a traditional camera. Most camera shops
these days have more digital cameras on
there shelves the traditional. Therefore
spare parts for old traditional cameras will
not come at a cheap cost or easily obtained.
Positive and
negatives
 Resolution
• Capturing the moment on a traditional
camera film, the image resolution can be
enlarged to whatever printable size possible,
with very little effect to the clarity of the
image.
 Quality
• By using roles of film, the image maintains
its true quality. If the image doesn't turn out
according to plan, another image cannot be
written over the top. Carrying spare films
around is also another negative for
traditional cameras as they need to be
constantly stored in low temperatures.
 Costs
• The cost of a traditional camera today
compared to a digital camera today, is by
far the cheapest. But the over all cost in
picture production is three times the price
compared to that of a digital camera.
 Convenience
• Over all, the traditional camera is not a
convenient camera to own. Although the
traditional camera has its advantages with
the image resizing, focusing etc. The
traditional camera has more disadvantages
than advantages.
 Focus and exposure
• Focus and exposure can effect the end result
of a photograph.

• Click next to see how this can be

 Under exposed
• This photo is underexposed.
• The face is hard to see
• In some area’s, more light is needed
 Over exposed
• This photo is overexposed
• Some parts of the picture is to light
• The darker areas have been lightened
causing a smoky image
• The picture is has a large amount of noise
 Out Of focus
• This picture is out of focus

• The picture is unclear

 In Focus
• This picture is in focus
• It is easy and clear to the viewer
• The background isn't the primary subject,
this helps centre the attention on the main
subject.
 Crooked
• This picture is crooked
• It gives the viewer the perspective that the
subject is crazy.
 Corrected
• The picture on the left is a crooked picture with bad exposure
• The picture in the middle is a crooked picture with a better exposure
• The picture on the right is a cropped picture. It has the right brightness
and the background has also been edited using Macromedia fireworks.
• I used the brush tool with no colour and set the blend tool to
saturation. This lets you paint on a coat of saturation.
Resolution and Print sizes
Resolution Print Sizes

640 x 480 5.419 x 4.064 centimetres

1024 x 768 8.67 x 6.502 centimetres

1600 x 1200 13.547 x 10.16 centimetres

2048 x 1536 17.34 x 13.005 centimetres

 Compact flash Card
• A Compact Flash (CF) card is a popular memory
card developed by San Disk in 1994 that uses
flash memory to store data on a very small card. A
Compact Flash card makes data easy to add to a
wide variety of computing devices, including
digital cameras and music players, desktop
computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs),
digital audio recorders, and photo printers.
 SD Card
• A Secure Digital (SD) card is a tiny memory card
used to make storage portable among various
devices, such as car navigation systems, cellular
phones, eBooks, PDAs, smartphones, digital
cameras, music players, camcorders, and personal
computers. An SD card features a high data
transfer rate and low battery consumption, both
primary considerations for portable devices. It
uses flash memory to provide non-volatile storage,
which means that a power source is not required to
retain stored data.
 Sony Memory Stick
• Developed by Sony, the Memory Stick is a digital data
storage technology with up to 10 times the storage
capacity of a 3.5 diskette. Sony is promoting the Memory
Stick as a new way to share and transfer pictures, sound,
and other data between different compact electronic
devices such as digital cameras and camcorder. About the
size of a flat AA battery, Memory Sticks are available in
4mb, 8mb, 16mb, 32mb and 64mb sizes. They are smaller
in size than comparable data storage devices, including
smart media and compact flash memory.
• http://searchstorage.techtarget.com

• http://www.istockphoto.com/forum_messages.php?threadid=9213
• www.adobe.com/education/instruction/webtech/CS2/unit_graphics2/dcb_dvt.htm
• www.siggraph.org/education/materials/HyperGraph/animation/cameras/traditional_film_camera_techniqu.htm

• www.dummies.com/WileyCDA/DummiesArticle/id-2305,subcat-MULTIMEDIA.html

• http://photography.about.com/library/glossary/bldef_slr.htm

• www.answers.com/main/ntquery;jsessionid=t3lnhobw9wbh?method=4&dsid=2222&d
ekey=Shutter+speed&curtab=2222_1&sbid=lc06b

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera

• http://www.atis.org/tg2k/_ccd.html

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera

• http://en.mimi.hu/photography/shutter_speed.html

• http://www.digitalimagecafe.com/article1.asp