IMPERIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND ENGINEERING DIPLOMA OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT/QUANTITY SURVEYING

BUILDING SERVICES 1 SER 402

SEMESTER SEPTEMBER 2010 WATER SERVICES 1

LECTURER: MS. NADZIRAH ZAINORDIN

CONTENT OF MODULE
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES

OF WATER MAIN WATER TO BUILDING COMPONENTS OF WATER SUPPLY BASIC OPERATION SYSTEM

OBJECTIVE

To exposed students with the knowledge regarding design and installation of the services commonly in habitable buildings.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lessons, students are anticipated to: - Understand what is the main sources of water. - Understand how the water are being supply into the buildings. - Understand the basic operation system of cold water - Understand the components of cold water supply.

INTRODUCTION

Hot and cold water systems in buildings are used for washing, cooking, cleaning and other specialized functions Cold water for buildings is also known as potable water. Non-potable water is supplied in some countries, this is not for drinking or cooking.

Water services should be designed and installed accordance with the recommendations of
BS 6700 The water regulations, relevant statutory regulations, By laws. Other relevant British standards Manufacturer recommendations.

SOURCES OF WATER

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

Most

buildings can receive their water supply from the water Authoritys main. But in rural areas, it is sometimes necessary to obtain water from private sources such as:
Wells Springs Rivers Lakes

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

For

human consumption, the best quality of water usually comes straight from the ground, rather than from a stream or pond which is exposed to probable air pollution.

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

A

dug well is normally of big enough diameter to admit a man and his spade and 3 to 6 metres deep. In some countries a well is much deeper to access strata of water bearing bearing rock

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

It may be more economical to sink a borehole in such circumstances. A borehole is of small diameter and is made by a drilling rig- just big enough to admit the mechanical pump and delivery pipe.

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

A typical borehole uses a multistage centrifugal pump delivering sufficient water from a depth of 30metres to 60 metres. Most modern wells are lined with pre-cast concrete liners and boreholes with steel tubing.

WATER SUPPLY SOURCES

In drier regions of the world the engineer has to study the most economic method of obtaining a suitable source of water for domestic and industrial use.

MAIN WATER TO BUILDING

MAIN WATER TO BUILDINGS

Water mains can be divided into 3 categories:

1. 2. 3.

Trunk mains Secondary mains Service pipes

MAIN WATER TO BUILDINGS

Trunk mains

- These carry water from a source of supply ( reservoir, pumpling station, etc) to a district without supplying consumers route

MAIN WATER TO BUILDINGS

Secondary mains
The distribution mains, fed from a trunk main and supplying the consumes connections in the district. Connections to a trunk or secondary main are normally only carried out by the water supply company

MAIN WATER TO BUILDINGS

-

Service pipes The branch supplies from the secondary mains that serve individual premises. Service pipes are fitted by the water supply company from the main up to the boundary of the premises to be supplied. At this point, a stop valve is provided to enabled the premises water system to be isolated from the mains.

MAIN WATER TO BUILDINGS

The drinking water supply should be free from any chemical contamination. There must be no inter-connection or crossconnection of the supply with any other water supply. Reflux valves or stop valves are not considered adequate to prevent cross-contamination. The design of water services must be arranged to prevent the possibility of backflow or back siphonage into the water system from any outlet.

MAIN CONNECTIONS

It is often normal to have a meter installed so that water suppliers will be able to charge all customers on how much water is used. The service pipe to the building should be kept at about 760mm minimum depth to avoid frost damage and damage from heavy vehicles. The valve pit can be a purpose made plastic chamber with key operated lid.

TYPICAL MAINS WATER CONNECTION TO A BUILDING

Installed & maintained by building owner : Communication pipe

Owned & maintained by Water Authority : Supply pipe

TYPICAL MAINS WATER CONNECTION TO A BUILDING

COMPONENTS OF COLD WATER SUPPLY

COMPONENTS

Water meter Cistern Valve Tap Pipes

A)WATER METERS

Water meters are installed at the discretion of the local water authority. Required on all new build and conversion properties, plus existing buildings which have been substantially altered. Meters are either installed in the communication pipe, or by direct annular connection to the stop valve If underground location is impractical, the water authority may agree internal attachment to the rising main.

WATER METERS
Most

required meter on:

All new buildings

Conversion Buildings

Existing buildings which have been substantially altered

WATER METERS

B) CISTERN
STORAGE CISTERN / WATER TANK

Cistern can be manufactured from galvanized mild steel (old version), polypropylene or glass reinforced plastics.

They must be well insulated and supported on adequate bearers to spread the concentrated load.
Plastics cistern will require uniform support on boarding over bearers. A dustproof cover is essential to prevent contamination.

STORAGE CISTERN / WATER TANK

For large buildings, cistern are accommodated in a purpose made plant room at roof level or within the roof structure. Where storage demands exceeds 4500 liters, cistern must be duplicated and interconnected. In the interest of load distribution, this should be provided at much lower capacities. For maintenance and repairs each cistern must be capable of isolation and independent operation.

Insulation slab 50mm thk.

Screened air inlet

Screen to prevent ingress of insects( filters)

Vent Pipe Bolted cover

Rising Main

Full way gate - valve

Warning pipe to outside

Domestic Cistern

STORAGE CISTERN / WATER TANK

A balanced flow of water to and from tanks is recommended

Achieved by installing inlets and outlets at the same level and with the same lengths of pipe work.
This ensures that the same amount of water enters each tank from the ball valve. Tanks should be periodically cleaned out to remove dust and grime build-up and a valve drain is used for this purpose. The use of delayed action float valve may also be considered to ensure a greater turn over of water.

C) VALVE
1) GLOBE VALVES

The globe valve to control flow of water at high pressure. To close the flow of water, the crutch head handle is rotated slowly in a clockwise direction( to prevent sudden impact and possibility of vibration )

C) VALVE
2) GATE / SLUICE VALVE Gate/ sluice valves is used to control the flow of water on low pressure installation. The wheel head is rotated clockwise to control the flow of water. Less resistance to flow than a globe valve.

C) VALVE
3) DRAIN VALVES

The drain valves has several applications and is found at the lowest point in pipe systems, boilers and storage vessels.

C) VALVE
4) FLOAT VALVES

Float valve are automatic control devices fitted to cistern to maintain an appropriate volume of water. Few types of float valve:
-

The diaphragm types the least noisy The Portsmouth piston moving horizontally The Croydon Type piston moving vertically.

Water outlet must be well above the highest water level to prevent back siphonage of cistern water into the main supply.

Nozzle diameters reduce as the pressure increases.

D) FITTINGS
1) PILLAR TAP

Pillar Tap supply water to basins, baths, bidets and sinks Combined hot and cold pillar taps are available with fixed or swivel outlets. The outlet of these taps must be bi-flow, to separate waterways for hot and cold water to prevent cross flow of water within the pipe work.

1) PILLAR TAP

D) FITTINGS
2) BIB TAP

The bib tap for wall fixing, normally about 150mm above a sanitary appliances.

BASIC OPERATION SYSTEM

COLD WATER STORAGE SYSTEM & ARRANGEMENT

COLD WATER SUPPLY

Water storage in dwelling is usually required to meet a 24hours demand, that is, if the supply is cut off, there will be a supply of cold water for 24 hours. The consumption of cold water in any building depends upon:
the use to which the water is put the number of consumers served

TYPICAL WATER STORAGE TANK

Main water supply Screened vent & overflow

Cold water outlet

TYPICAL WATER STORAGE TANK

WATER SUPPLY OPERATION SYSTEM

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SYSTEMS

COLD WATER SYSTEM PRINCIPLES

There are two principle of cold water supply systems:

1) Direct System

2)Indirect System

SUMMARY OF DIRECT SYSTEMS

In this system, all sanitary fittings are supplied with cold water direct from the main. For efficient operation, a high pressure water supply is essential particularly at peak demand. Pipe work is minimal and the storage cistern supplying the hot water cylinder.

SUMMARY OF DIRECT SYSTEMS

Drinking water is available at every draw-off point and maintenance valve should be fitter to isolate each section of pipe work. Every outlet supplied from the main, the possibility if back siphonage must be considered. Back siphonage can occur when there is a high demand on the main.

DIRECT COLD WATER SYSTEM

DIRECT COLD WATER SYSTEM

DIRECT COLD WATER SUPPLY

The cistern may be located within the airing cupboard or be combined with the hot water cylinder. Negative pressure can then draw water back into the main form a submerged inlet, e.g : a rubber tube attached to a tap or a shower fitting without a check valve facility left lying in dirty bath water.

SUMMARY OF INDIRECT SYSTEMS

In this system, all the sanitary fittings except drinking water draw-offs at sinks, are supplied indirectly from a cold water cistern. In addition to its normal supply function, it provides an adequate emergency storage in the event of water main failure.

SUMMARY OF INDIRECT SYSTEMS

The system requires more pipework than direct system and is therefore more expensive to install but uniform pressure occurs at all cistern-supplied outlets. Gives uniform pressure at all cisternsupplied outlets The water authorities prefer this system as it imposes less demand on the main.

SUMMARY OF INDIRECT SYSTEMS

Fewer fittings attached to the main-less chance of back siphonage. Lower pressure & less noise The cold water storage cistern has a minimum capacity of 230 liters, for location in the roof space.