F a c u l t y of C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g

Development and Environment

Dr. MAY Raksmey (Abdur Rahman al Kambodi)

Room: T1-A13-8A Tel: 03-5543-6422 Mobile: 010-2552459 Email: mayraksmey2001@yahoo.com September 2011 January 2012

Learning outcomes
At the end of this week, students should be able to: 1. Analyze pollution (land and water) 2. Synthesize the impact of pollution

3. Apply and use environmental laws and

regulations
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The Environment
Global environment consists of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and

lithosphere in which the life sustaining resources of the earth are

contained biosphere. Atmosphere: mixture of gases extending outward from the surface

of the earth.
Hydrosphere: consists of the all water sources such as oceans, lakes and streams.

Lithosphere: soil mantle that wrap the core of the earth.

Biosphere: the place on earths surface where life dwells.
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Biosphere

Atmosphere

Lithosphere

Hydrosphere

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What is Environmental Science?

Science can be differentiated into the social sciences and natural sciences. Natural sciences include
Core sciences (Chemistry, Biology, and Physics) Numerous applied sciences such as geology, meteorology, forestry and zoology Environmental science is an integrative applied science that draws upon nearly all of the natural sciences to address environmental quality and health issues.
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What is Environmental Engineering?

A branch of engineering that is concerned the potentially deleterious effects of human activity. PROTECTING HUMAN populations from the effects of adverse environmental factors. IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL quality for human health and well being.
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How does the quality of our surroundings affect

Our physical health? The health of other species and the ecosystem itself?

Our economic well-being?

The aesthetic, psychological or spiritual benefits

we derive from our surroundings?

Future generations?
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Population and Environment

The growth of population has increased the need for water and usage of

land.
Historically, human action has often been blamed for adverse environmental effects. The roots of modern concern about human impacts on the environment can be traced to the late 18th century and 19th century. Population growth will effect the demand for many resources, the attainment of environmental goals and the ability of systems to

accommodate waste streams.

Attention to demographic change is critical to the system level environmental policy direction.
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 Early civilizations often drank from the same

rivers in which they bathed and deposited their wastes, yet the impact of such use was relatively slight as natural mechanisms easily restored water quality.

Land consumption very minimal as resources

were readily available in biosphere e.g. plants

and animals (food), cave (shelter) satisfying

natural needs.
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 When people began to gather in larger, their

impact to environment begin to be significant. HOW? Cooking and heating fires caused air pollution problems, and food and human wastes were dumped. During industrial revolution, humans begin to

turn their attention to other needs beyond

those associated with survival acquired needs
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 Unlike natural needs, acquired needs are

usually met by items that must be

processed/manufactured/refined.
Their production, distribution and use

usually results in more complex residuals,

many of which are not compatible with or

readily assimilated by the environment.

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Early days

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Over population

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World Population
World population gains nearly 80 million people each year.

Parceling land, fresh water and other finite resources among more
people. How increasing in population size effects specific environmental

problems is impossible to say precisely.

Obviously, trends such as the loss of half of the planets forests, the depletion of most of its major fisheries and the alteration of its

atmosphere and climate are closely related to the fact that human
population expanded to more than 6 billion today.

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World population reached 1 billion in 1804 2 billion in 1927 (123 years later) 3 billion in 1960 (33 years later) 4 billion in 1974 (14 years later) 5 billion in 1987 (13 years later) 6 billion in 1999 (12 years later) World population may reach 7 billion in 2012 (13 years later) 8 billion in 2026 (14 years later) 10 billion in 2050 (24 years later)
Source: United Nations (2004).

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The Environmental Implications of Population Dynamics

Demand for food Land use More pollution: water, air and land

Demand for drinking water

Depletion of energy resources Depletion of other resources e.g. forests, minerals Crowdedness
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 The relationship between demographic factors;

population size, distribution and composition and environmental change. The mediating factors that influence this relationship: technological, institutional, policy

and cultural forces.

Two specific aspects of environmental change

affected by population dynamics: climate

change and land use change.
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Climate Change
Human activities are causing greenhouse gas concentrations to

rise above natural levels, further heating the planet. This is called
the greenhouse effect. Global temperature rise causing changes to weather conditions

worldwide. The enhanced greenhouse effect is often referred to as

global warming or climate change. The biggest factor of present concern is the increase in CO2 levels.

Other factors including excessive land use, ozone depletion and

deforestation.

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Development and Environment

What is the relationship? Population increase? What happened to land use, water development? Environmental Impacts? Getting worse? Health Impact? Case Study: Kuala Lumpur (Discussion)
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Pollution
Definition:
Contamination of the environment by man-made substances or energy that have adverse effects on living or non-living matter. (Microsoft Encarta 2009)

Types
Basically 4 major groups: Land, Water, Air and Noise

Impacts:
Human health, ecosystem, environment
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Impact
1. Human health 2. Change in atmosphere 3. Change in hydrosphere 4. Change on land

5. Energy sources
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Change in Atmosphere
Local air pollution

Acid deposition
Deplete the Ozone Layer
Caused by Chlorofluorohydrocarbons (Freon)

Let more UV light in

Harms photosynthesizers

Global Warming
Increase carbon dioxide and temperature
Melting of polar ice caps
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Climate Change

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Change in Hydrosphere
Aquifers Water Pollutants (rivers, lakes, estuaries, oceans, and rain)
Organic matter Nutrients Solids Toxic substances Pathogens Heat

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Water Pollution

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Change in Land
Mining Agriculture Solid wastes Deforestation Desertification Land uses (worldwide)
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Land Pollution
Land pollution basically is about contaminating the land surface of the earth through:
Dumping urban waste matter indiscriminately Dumping of industrial waste Mineral exploitation

Misusing the soil by harmful agricultural practices

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1.

Solid Waste:
Semisolid or solid matter that are created by human or animal activities and which are disposed because they are hazardous or useless. Some of the sources of solid wastes that cause land pollution are: wastes from agriculture, wastes from mining, wastes from industries, solids from sewage treatment, ashes, garbage

2.

Soil Pollution:
Soil pollution is chiefly caused by chemicals in pesticides such as poisons that are utilized to kill agricultural pests like insects and herbicides that are utilized to get rid of weeds. Soil pollution results from:
Unhealthy methods of soil management Harmful practices of irrigation methods
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What are the consequences of Land Pollution?

Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen can cause acid rain which reduces

the pH value of soil.

Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will effect other organisms in the food web. Cause problems in the respiratory system. Cause problems on the skin. Lead to birth defects. Cause various kinds of cancers.

How can land pollution be prevented?

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Land Pollution

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Energy Sources
Solar Hydro Fossil Nuclear Geothermal Renewable
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Institutional Mechanisms for Environmental Protection

Mechanism
Market Forces

Advantages
Rapid

Disadvantages
Hard to assign costs Poor access to information Difficult to prove causation Expensive Idiosyncratic Slow Inflexible May reduce incentives to prevent damage

Common Law Liability Government Regulation Insurance

Compensation Incentive to limit liability Uniformity Can address noneconomic factors Compensate efficiently

after Percival et al., 1996

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Protecting the Environment

Laws and Regulations Environmental Quality Act (1974) Major objectives include:
Pollution prevention
Pollution control Pollution abatement Enhancement of the environment
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Environmental Code of Ethics

Use knowledge and skill for the enhancement and protection of the environment. Hold paramount the health, safety and welfare of the environment. Perform services only in areas of personal expertise. Be honest and impartial in serving the public, your

employers, your clients and the environment.

Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner
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Next Class

Water Quality Assessment

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