AIRCOM Cingular Model Tuning Guidance

December 2004

Agenda
Model Calibration Experience Model Calibration Process Model Calibration Analysis

December 2004

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December 2004

CW and Model Tuning References

3GIS (Sweden) UMTS, 6 models Belgacom (Belgium) GSM 900, 6 models Swisscom (Switzerland) GSM 900/1800 and UMTS, 9 models Inventis (Switzerland) GSM R, 3 models Vodafone (Malta) GSM 900, 2 models Globul (Bulgaria) GSM 900, GSM1800 Oniway (Portugal) UMTS, 4 models Inquam (Portugal) CDMA2000 Blu (Italy) GSM 1800 Nortel (UK) GSM 1800 Ericsson (UK) GSM 1800 Dolphin (Belgium, Uk) Tetra models KPN Base (Belgium) GSM 900/1800, 8 Models, 4 for each

TMN (Portugal) GSM900, 1 model Mascom (Botswana) GSM 900 CHT Taiwan Brazil GSM 900/1800, 5 models India BPL GSM 900, 1 Model AWS (USA) GSM 1900, 2 models TCI (Iran) GSM 900, 5 models ESAT Digifone (Ireland) UMTS 3 models Safaricom (Kenya) GSM 900 2 models Lucent (Riyadh) GSM 900 1 model Claro (Brazil) GSM1800 3 models Globe (Phillipines) GSM900 3 models

December 2004

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December 2004

CW Measurements and Model Calibration Process

Propagation Model Requirements Identification Site Selection Drive Route Definition CW Survey Campaign Data Post Processing Data Validation Data Validation

Calibration

YES Report Pass Model?

NO

December 2004

Aim of Model Calibration

Characterise the topology with network limits identification of operating range for each
model.

Minimise Standard Deviation Error. Provide zero mean error Determine model parameters in accordance to realistic propagation effects existing within
proposed regions.

Make sure calibrated model corresponds well with the collected data data is essential. Provide cost efficient Nominal Plan

December 2004

Site Selection

More or 10 sites per model. Less number of sites can be considered if modelled geographical area is fairly small. Within geographic region of model Spread of site heights representative of networkHeight Distribution for Site Selection sites heights within modelled region
1

Allow measurements in all clutter types

Frequency

Rooftop sites are preferred in a case test transmitter has to be mounted

1

Ease of access No blocking objects in close vicinity

1 Frequency 1

Nothing unusual, we are characterising the majority of the network not the minority
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 More 1 -1 Height of Site

December 2004

CW Drive Route Definition

Distance

Must account for expected coverage propagation Must account for expected interference propagation Sufficient measurement in all local clutter types ( >1000 ) Avoid street canyons, tunnels, elevated roads, cuttings etc Mix of radial and tangential roads Do not plan a map along the roads with ground height above the transmitter antenna. Okumura- Hata model cant model this. Good balance between measurements taken in LOS and NLOS situations Do not plan a route across a big water surface, if site is on the one side of the lake, do not drive other lake side Data in regions of terrain slope variation Avoid large blocking objects as high building or long roof Long enough to ensure sufficient data is captured Check map data validity

Clutter

Roads

Miscellaneous

December 2004

CW Measurements

Spectrum clearance

During CW survey allocated test frequency shouldnt be use for other purposes 10-15KHz bandwidth monitoring Check restrictions on test frequency TX EIRP RF Signals Accurate Radiated Power setting, EiRP should be greater than 40dBm Raw/Averaged data Use Omni antenna with minimum vertical beamwidth of 12 degrees Directional antenna can be used but in postproccessing everything beyond 3dBm should be dismissed Do not drive out of RX noise floor Avoid street canyons, tunnels, elevated roads, cuttings etc Distance/Time triggering

Equipment configuration

Driving

Omni Antenna with Transmitter attached through feeder.

In Vehicle, Receive equipment attached to roof mounted antenna

December 2004

Sampling - Lee Criteria

Lee Criteria In order to eliminate fast fading from measurements, minimum 36 samples should be taken over 40. A local mean should be found for the chosen number of samples. Common practice is to take 50 samples which gives one sample every 0.8. 50 samples should be averaged and give the local mean.

December 2004

Slow fading vs Fast fading

Fast fading is fading due to multipath effect. Fast fading is characterized by Rayleigh probability distribution therefore cant be modelled by log normal distribution. Fast fading is superimposed onto signal envelope (slow fading) which we try to model. Slow fading is fading due to terrain and clutter. Slow fading follows log normal distribution. Okumura-Hata is log normal distribution

December 2004

Distance triggering vs time triggering

Distance triggering allows us to easily apply Lee criterion. Time triggering is very difficult to follow Lee criterion due to change in drive vehicle speed. Sampling in time triggering is not a problem since Lee states just minimum number of samples. Averaging over 40 is problem to implement in time triggering since there is not constant number of samples over 40 caused by speed variation. Whenever possible choose distance triggering.

December 2004

Total driving route per model

In order for model to be realistic, statistically sufficient number of data need to be collected. Aircom practise is to have at least 30000 data. 30000 data gives total driven distance of

30000x40=198km or 20km per site for 1800MHz range.

If this distance is not achievable due to limitation in drivable roads it is recommended to have more than 10 sites per model. As stated before, in a case of modelling small geographical area with 3 sites, tuning can be performed with 10000 data or 22km per site. The more data the model is more realistic

December 2004

Data Post processing

Depends on customer requirements:

Averaged Measurements post processing involves simple conversion into Signia format supported by Enterprise Signia data file ( .dat ) contains longitude, latitude (decimal degrees) and received level (dBm) Every data file must have header file with identical name but with extension .hd. Header file must have antenna type (identical name to one in Asset3g), Tx power, Tx antenna height, coordinates. It is common practice to include all gains and losses under Tx power value and leave other fields relevant to gain/losses in the header blank. Therefore in a Tx field usually is put:

Tx Ct +Atg Arg+Crl where Tx-Tx power(dBm), Ct-cable loss between transmitter and antenna (dB), Atg-transmitting antenna gain (dBi) Arg-receiving antenna gain (dBi) Crl-cable loss between receiver and receiving antenna (dB)

It is important to get the projection system correctly so collected samples are lined up with the vectors in map data. If vectors are not aligned with measurements, during post process this should be adjusted.

December 2004

CW Data Validation
Compare the site data (photographs, surrounding clutter and terrain profile) to the Clutter and DTM layer of the map data provided. Check the driven routes against vectors within the map data. Filter out any invalid data that may cause anomalies in the calibration process Make sure that details relating to a site (EIRP, Location, Height, Antenna file) correspond to reports from CW Survey. Use Asset utilities to get visual representation of the received signal vs distance.

December 2004

Data filtering

Filter clutter types that have less than 500 bins. Clutter offsets or them will be estimated later in the model tuning process. Filter out any file which shows extreme in signal level. Unusually high signal level at far distance can be caused by reflection over big water surface, or driving along route which is higher than antenna. Unusually weak signal level can be caused by driving behind blocking object. Okumura Hata cant model above situations, therefore these data must be filtered out. With careful route planning filtering can be avoided. Having more than one file per site makes filtering during post processing much easier

December 2004

Filtering example-Driving above Tx antenna

December 2004

Filtering example-Blocking object

December 2004

Displaying CW measurements in Asset

Data Types-CW MeasurementsCW Signal To set up thresholds double click on CW Signal and specify thresholds under Categories tab The same goes for other options inside CW Measurements

December 2004

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December 2004

Okumura-Hata

Okumura-Hata is a worldwide the most popular model in mobile telecommunication It is semi-empirical model. Based on Okumura measurements in Tokyo in 1968 mathematical model was published in 1980 by Hata. Limitations:

Up to 2GHz No less than 1km Transmitter antenna always above mobile station antenna

December 2004

Okumura-Hata in Asset

Asset uses slightly modified Okumura-Hata:

Ploss =K1 + K2*log(d) + K3*Hms + K4*log(Hms) + K5*log(Heff) + K6*log(Heff)*log(d) + K7*Ldiff + Lclutter d is distance in km between Tx antenna and mobile station Hms is mobile station height Heff is effective antenna height in metres Ldiff is a loss due to diffraction Lclutter is a clutter loss

Asset has 4 algorithms for calculating effective antenna height Asset has 4 algorithms for calculating diffraction

December 2004

Asset improvements

K1 near and k2 near are designed to overcome Okumura-Hata limitation for close distances. Through Clutter Loss takes into the account clutter profile along distance d from mobile station to base station. Advantages in improved accuracy/reduced standard deviation error and more realistic calculated predictions.

December 2004

Through Clutter Model Definition

Each clutter category is given Through Clutter Loss (dB/km) on the path between transmitter and receiver. Through clutter losses are linearly weighted. The clutter nearest the mobile station has the highest effect.

December 2004

Overview of Model Calibration

. There must be project set up (map data, antennas, sites, propagation model) in order to start tuning Load CW data Make appropriate filtering, usually:

-110dBm to -40dBm 125m to 10000

Start with the default values for k parameters Do Auto Tune Try all combination of effective antenna height and diffraction algorithms and determine which one gives the lowest standard deviation Take note of second and third best

December 2004

CW Window

3g/Asset-Tools-Model Tuning Click Add to add measurements file from its destination, they mast have extension .hd Highlight Site ID and click Remove button to remove particular file

December 2004

Model setting

Tools-Model Tuning-Options Select the resolution of mapping data Select the model as a start tuning model. It is recommended to use default model

December 2004

Filter setting

Tools-Model Tuning-Options-Filter Set up distance filtering Set up signal level filtering Filter out clutter types with insufficient data by highlighting them If you tune k7 click just NLOS Click antenna button if directional antennas were used

December 2004

Auto Tune

Tools-Model Tuning-Auto Tune Set up deltas Click fix box next to the k factor you dont want to tune Click Auto Tune under Tools tab Wait for results You can apply new parameters by clicking apply new parameters Through clutter offsets and clutter offsets are under Clutter tab

December 2004

K parameters

K3 and K4 are not altered. This is because they relate to mobile height which in a typical cellular system is constant making these coefficients redundant. K7 is the diffraction parameter. It can be determined by tuning just NLOS data. All K parameters must keep the same polarity as in the original Okumura Hata model

K1, K2, K7 >0 K3, K5, K6 <0

Above step can be easily fulfil by determining the delta range under Auto tune window

December 2004

Default K parameters

December 2004

k1,k2 near calibration

If model is not good close to the site, for example up to 700m, auto tune the model from 700m to 10k. Apply found k parameters. Tune model again with k5,k6 and k7 locked and filter out distances above 700m. Result will be k1near and k2 near. If standard deviation is still bad try with other distances until you find the best fit.

December 2004

Clutter offset

Some through clutter offsets and clutter offsets need to be estimated due to insufficient data. Estimation is done relative to the clutter offsets with sufficient data. Clutter offsets must be realistic relative to each other. Water will have the smallest offset while building and forest the highest.

December 2004

Adjusting ME

Mean error is usually altered after estimation of clutter offsets. ME can be easily bring back to 0 by changing k1 If mean error is change k1 to k1+

December 2004

An

sis aly

December 2004

Model analyses

Make statistical analyses for ME and SD for different distance ranges. In the range of interest, typically 1km to 4km, following requirements should be fulfilled

-1 < ME < 1 SD < 8

If ME or SD is outside the above specified values, try with changing the dual slope distance or take the second best model from the initial tuning.

December 2004

Example-Coastal Urban 900MHz 15m resolution map

Area considered: densely populated coastal cities. Used frequency: 935.2MHz Total of 10 sites were included in tuning process with 80260 points. Signal strenght threshold set to 40 to -110 dBm. Distance used for tuning from 125m to 10km.

December 2004

Data Analysis for Coastal Urban 15m

Distribution of bins per signal level 111 11 111 11 Number of bins 111 11 111 11 111 11 11 11 1 ) )1 )1 )1 ) ) ) ) ) ) 1 1 1 11 (- 11 (- 11 111 (- 11 (- 11 (- 11 -1111 1 1 1 -( -( 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -( -( -( 11 -11 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 11 11 11 Signal level (dBm)

Distribution of bins per clutter type

111 11 111 11 111 11

Number of bins

111 11 111 11 111 11 111 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 1 1

111 11

11 11

Distribution of bins per distance

111 11 111 11 Number of bins 111 11 111 11 111 11 111 11 11 11 1 111 1 - . 1 11 111 . 1 - . 1 11 - . . 111 111 . 11 Distance (km) 11 11 11 - 1 11 1 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 1 111 11 111 11 111 11

11 11 1
se a

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1 >11

wa te re sid r en m tia ea l n ur de ba ns n e ur ba n bu ild in g vil la ge s in du op st ria en l in ur ba n fo re st de ns pa e rk ur ba s n hi gh sw am p

Clutter type

December 2004

Statistical Breakdown for Coastal Urban 15m

No. of Bins Mean Error Standard Deviation Actual

Calibration whole range

80260

6.8

125~250 250~500 500~1km 1km~2km 2km~4km 4km~8km 8km~16km

1030 2899 8700 19351 29598 17791 891

-0.5 -1.1 -1.4 -0.1 0.9 -0.4 -1.6

8.1 8 7.7 7.4 6.6 5.4 5.2

December 2004

Statistical Breakdown for ME and SD

M e an e rror v s distance
11 .

Standard deviation distribution

1 1 1 Standard deviation

11 .

1 1 1 1 1 1

Mean error

1
. 1 11 1 . 111 1 -11 . .1 . 11 11 . 111 11 11 11 - 1 11

-1

-11 .

1
1 . 1 -11 . 1 11 1
Distance (km)

-1

. 111

11

- 1 11

Distance (km )

December 2004

Validation of Tuned Model-Site 1

No. of Bins Mean Error

Apoview site
Calibration whole range 125~250 250~500 500~1km 1km~2km 2km~4km 4km~8km 8km~16km
10668 -1

Standard Deviation Actual

6.1

53 368 1153 2324 4383 2343 44

4.3 0.4 -2.7 -1.5 0.4 -2.4 -2.4

5.6 7.5 7.3 6.3 5.9 5.1 4.1

December 2004

Coverage plot Site 1

December 2004

Validation of Tuned Model-Site 2

No. of Bins Mean Error

Banawa site
Calibration whole range 125~250 250~500 500~1km 1km~2km 2km~4km 4km~8km 8km~16km
6354 95 42 252 1620 3228 1041 76 0.1 11.6 2.7 -1.8 -0.9 1 -1.6 -2.9

Standard Deviation Actual

6.4 5.2 5.7 7.7 6.3 6.4 4.8 3.8

December 2004

Coverage plot Site 2

December 2004