SWITCHING

Vlan, Ethernet, Broadcast

Collision Errors
As the number of devices increase so does the number of

collisions Late collisions

Violate the 5-4-3 rule

It means that in a collision domain there should be at most 5 segments tied together with 4 repeaters, with 3 segments containing active senders

Cable too long Slot time exceeded

Segment with a router Microsegment with a switch or bridge Transmitting station will attempt to retransmit 16 times Additional collision detections will be considered a NIC error

Broadcasts
Nodes establishing a presence

Applications advertising a service

IP address-to-MAC address resolution Broadcast storm Network loop 126 or more broadcasts per second Possible solutions Reduce the number of services on servers Limit the number of protocols

Half- And Full-Duplex Communication

Half-duplex Send and receive signals separately Full-duplex Send and receive simultaneously No collisions Benefits of full-duplex No collisions
No retransmissions

Full bandwidth in both directions

No waiting for other transmissions

Half- And Full-Duplex Communication

LAN Switching
Segmentation with switches Switches are hardware controlled Bridges are software controlled Microsegmentation Switched bandwidth Shared bandwidth Efficient use of bandwidth Able to connect segments of different speeds 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps 100 Mbps to 1Gbps

LAN Switching

LAN Switching

Securing Switch Ports

Configure a permanent MAC address

Does not have a TTL

Define a static map entry Restricts communication between specific ports Set a limit on the number of MAC addresses

Define the action when a security violation occurs

Spanning Tree Protocol

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Physical loops Logical loops Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) IEEE 802.1d

Spanning Tree Protocol (continued)

Virtual LANs
Logical grouping of network devices and nodes

Broadcast domain
Management VLAN Also known as default VLAN Cannot be deleted Every port is on VLAN 1 by default Router are required to move traffic between VLANs

Virtual LANs (continued)

Virtual LANs (continued)

Benefits of VLANs
VLANS provide the following benefits It is easier to add and move stations on the LAN It is easier to reconfigure the LAN There is better traffic control There is increased security

Creating VLANs
VLAN configuration Rm410HL#vlan database Rm410(vlan)#vtp domain hudlogic Rm410(vlan)#vtp server Rm410(vlan)#vlan 2 name production Rm410(vlan)#vlan 3 name accounting Rm410(vlan)#vlan 4 name marketing

Routers and VLANs

Increase security

Manage traffic between VLANs

Subinterfaces Access-lists Router-on-a-stick

Routers and VLANs (continued)