Data Communications Systems Ch 4: Digital Transmission ye r 1

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JinKyu Lee, Ph.D. Jinkyu.lee@okstate.edu Include the course code (MSIS4523) in every email subject!!

A Categorization of Transmission Techniques

Data Transmission

Digital Transmission

Analog Transmission

Digital Source Conversion

4 . h C
PCM

Analog Source Conversion

Digital Source Conversion

5 . h C
QAM AM

Analog Source Conversion

Line Coding

Block Coding

ASK DM

FSK

PSK

FM

PM

Topics
Digital-to-Digital Conversion Transmission Modes
Parallel vs. Serial Sync vs. Async

Line coding Schemes Block coding Schemes

Analog-to-Digital Conversion Sampling, Quantization, Encoding PCM, Delta Modulation Nyquists theorem Baud Rate (Signal Rate) vs. Bit Rate

Data and Signals, Conversion Techniques

Data and Signal Conversions Examples

Let us transmit the message Sam, what time is the meeting with accounting? Hannah. This message first leaves Hannahs workstation and travels across a local area network

Converting Digital Data into Digital Signals

Digital Encoding Compared

NRZ-L NRZI Manchester Differential Manchester Bipolar-AMI

Transmission Modes - Parallel Transmission

Transmission Modes - Serial Transmission

Transmission Modes - Synchronous

In synchronous transmission, bits are sent one after In synchronous transmission, bits are sent one after another without start/stop bits or gaps. Doesnt mean another without start/stop bits or gaps. Doesnt mean signal never stop. Bits are sent by block (hundreds of signal never stop. Bits are sent by block (hundreds of bytes) by block (e.g., Ethernet frames) bytes) by block (e.g., Ethernet frames) Receiver must pickup individual bits from the stream Receiver must pickup individual bits from the stream of bits. of bits.

Transmission Modes - Asynchronous

The sender & receiver do not need to be in sync all the time. The receiver The sender & receiver do not need to be in sync all the time. The receiver is synchronized to the signal for the duration of each byte. is synchronized to the signal for the duration of each byte. One start bit (0) is sent at the beginning and one or more stop bits (1s) at One start bit (0) is sent at the beginning and one or more stop bits (1s) at the end of each byte. There is a gap between each byte the end of each byte. There is a gap between each byte

Line Coding Schemes

Direct data-signal conversion

Unipolar Encoding

Unipolar encoding uses only one voltage level Unipolar encoding uses only one voltage level

Polar Encoding Schemes

Non return to zero-level (NRZ-L) Non return to zero inverted (NRZI) Bipolar -AMI Pseudoternary Manchester Differential Manchester B8ZS HDB3

Polar encoding uses two Polar encoding uses two voltage levels (positive voltage levels (positive and negative) and negative)

Return to Zero (RZ) Encoding

A good encoded digital signal must contain a A good encoded digital signal must contain a provision for synchronization provision for synchronization

NRZ-L and NRZ-I encoding

In NRZ-L the level of the signal is dependent upon the state of In NRZ-L the level of the signal is dependent upon the state of the bit. In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if a 1 is encountered the bit. In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if a 1 is encountered

The Synchronization Problem

How does the receiver know when the bit period

begins and ends? Digital communications requires that the receiver know when to sample the signal This requires a mechanism to synchronize the transmitter and receiver Solutions:
Bi-phase signaling Substitution for line coding Block coding

Biphase Alternatives to NRZ

Require at least one transition per bit time, and may even

have two Advantages

Synchronization due to predictable transitions Error detection based on absence of a transition

However, modulation rate is greater, so bandwidth

requirements are higher Known as Manchester coding and Differential Manchester coding

Manchester Encoding

In Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle In Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used for both synchronization and bit of the bit is used for both synchronization and bit representation. representation. IEEE 802.3 Ethernet uses Manchester encoding IEEE 802.3 Ethernet uses Manchester encoding

Differential Manchester Encoding

Differential Encoding Data represented by changes rather than levels
Receivers can more reliably detect transitions rather

than specific levels

In complex transmission layouts it is also easy to

lose sense of polarity In differential Manchester encoding, the transition at In differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used only for synchronization. the middle of the bit is used only for synchronization. The bit representation is defined by the inversion or The bit representation is defined by the inversion or non-inversion at the beginning of the bit non-inversion at the beginning of the bit

Substitution Techniques
Use substitution to replace sequences that would produce

constant voltage Goal is to provide enough transitions to allow synchronization

original Ideally the same length as original

Substitution must be recognized by receiver and replaced with

Advantages:

No DC component Eliminates long sequences of zero level line signal No reduction in data rate Can provide error detection capability

Bipolar With 8 Zeros Substitution (B8ZS)

Based on bipolar-AMI
In Bipolar-AMI, signal patterns of +0+ or -0- should never happen

under normal condition.

If octet of all zeros and last voltage pulse preceding was

positive (+ 00000000 ): encode as + 000+-0-+ If octet of all zeros and last voltage pulse preceding was negative (- 00000000 ): encode as - 000-+0+Causes two violations of AMI code Unlikely to occur as a result of noise Receiver detects and interprets as octet of all zeros

Block Coding Schemes

Indirect data-signal conversion

Substitution in Block Coding

Converting Digital Data into Digital Signals 4B/5B Digital Encoding Scheme Converts four bits of data into five-bit quantities No five-bit code has more than 2 consecutive zeroes Five-bit code is then transmitted using an NRZ-I encoded signal

4B/5B Encoding Table

Data Q (Quiet) I (Idle) H (Halt) J (start delimiter) K (start delimiter) T (end delimiter) S (Set) R (Reset) Code 00000 11111 00100 11000 10001 01101 11001 00111

Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Encoding digital data is easysimply represent 0s and 1s

with different voltage levels on the carrier wave Not so easy with continuous data like music or voice Have to convert the continues data (analog) to discrete data (digital) Do this with Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Sampling
Analog voice data must be translated into a series of

binary digits before they can be transmitted across digital transmission facilities To convert analog data into a digital signal, there are two basic techniques:
Pulse code modulation (PCM) (used by telephone systems) With PCM, the amplitude of the sound wave is sampled at

regular intervals and translated into a binary number Delta modulation

The difference between the original analog signal and the

translated digital signal is called quantizing error

Quantization Process
Quantization process assigns a bit value

corresponding to the amplitude of each sampled sound wave.

Similar concept to pixelization

8-bit range allows for 256 possible sample levels If 128 levels, then each sample is 7 bits (2 ^ 7 =

128)

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

64K PCM uses a sampling rate of 8000 samples

per second Each sample is an 8 bit sample resulting in a digital rate of 64,000 bps (8 x 8000)

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) - Sampling

Analog waveform is sampled at specific intervals Snapshots are converted to binary values
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) value

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) - Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) - Quantization

Because the human voice has a fairly narrow bandwidth

Telephone systems digitize voice into either 128 levels or 256 levels Called quantization levels

More bits means greater detail, fewer bits means less detail

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) - Quantizing of PAM Signals

+1 +1

+1 +0 +0 +0

+0

+0

+0

+0

+0 +0

-0 -0 -1

Converting Analog data to PCM Digital Signal The whole Picture!

Delta Modulation
An analog waveform is tracked using a binary 1 to represent a rise in voltage and a 0 to represent a drop

Sampling Frequency, Quantization Level, and the Quality of Reconstructed Data

The more snapshots taken in the same amount of time, or the more quantization levels, the better the resolution

Sampling Frequency, Quantization Level, and the Quality of Reconstructed Data (cont.)
Binary values are later converted to an analog signal
Waveform similar to original results

Nyquists Theorem Sampling Rate

= =

According to Nyquists theorem, the sampling rate must be at According to Nyquists theorem, the sampling rate must be at least 2 times the highest frequency least 2 times the highest frequency

Example 15
What sampling rate is needed for a signal with a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz)?

Solution
The sampling rate must be twice the highest frequency in the signal: Sampling rate = 2 x (11,000) = 22,000 samples/s

Nyquists theorem: If a signal is sampled at regular intervals Nyquists theorem: If a signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and at a rate higher than twice the significant signal of time and at a rate higher than twice the significant signal frequency, the samples contain all the information of the frequency, the samples contain all the information of the original signal original signal

Baud Rate (baud/s) vs. Bit Rate (bps)

Baud Rate: The number of times a signal changes value per second = Signal Rate. Manchester schemes: Baud rate is twice the bps Two signal changes per bit

Baud Rate vs. Bit Rate Example1

Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal units per second. rate is the number of signal units per second.
An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000 signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and the bit rate.

Solution
Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s) Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps

Baud Rate vs. Bit Rate Example 2

The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries 6 bits, what is the baud rate?

Solution
Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s