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Drilling Bits
Topics of Interest:
Various bit types available (classification). Criteria for the selection for the best bit for a given situation. Standard methods for evaluating dull bite. Factors affecting bit wear and drilling speed.
Optimization of bit weight and rotary speed.
1. Drag Bits: Consist of fixed cutter blades that are integral with the body of the bit and rotate as a unit with the drill string (19th century). 2. Rolling Cutter Bits: (1909) have two or more cones containing the cutting elements which rotate about the axis of the cone as the bit is rotated at the bottom of the hole.
Drilling is achieved by physically blowing cuttings from the bottom of the bore-hole. Types (a) Steel cutter bits (b) Diamond bits (c) Polycrystalline diamond bits
Advantages
No rolling parts which require strong clean bearing surfaces Because it is made from one solid piece of steel there is less chance of bit breakage, which would leave junk in the bottom of the hole.
Steel Cutter Bits: Best for soft, uniform unconsolidated formations. Now, replaced by other types in all area. Diamond Bits:
The face or crown of the bit consists of many diamonds set in a tungsten carbide matrix. Fluid courses are provided in the matrix to direct the flow of drilling fluid over the face of the bit.
Shape of crown profit is important 1. Step type 2. Long taper (straight hole, high wt.) 3. Short taper (easier to clean) 4. Non taper (directional drilling) Size and number of diamonds, depend on the hardness of the formation. For hard formations: many small stones (0.07-0.125 carrot) For soft formations: few large stones (0.75-2.0 carrot) Pressure drop across the face of the bit
Pump pressure measured with the bit off bottom-pump pressure with the bit drilling = 500 1000 psi
Manufacturer usually provide estimate of approximate circulating rate required establishing the needed pressure drop across the bit.
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5.1.2
Since the mid 1970s a new family of drag bits has been made possible by the introduction of a sintered polycrystalline diamond drill blanks, as a bit cutter element. The drill blanks consist of a layer of a synthetic polycrystalline diamond about 1/64 in. thick that is bonded to a cemented tungsten carbide substrate in a high-pressure high-temperature process. It contains many small diamond crystals bonded together. The PCD is bonded either to a tungsten carbide bit-body matrix or to a tungsten carbide stud that is mounted in a steel bit body.
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They perform best in soft, firm, and medium-hard, nonabrasion formations that are not gummy. Good results are obtained in carbonates or evaporates that are not broken up with hard shale stringers. Also good in a sandstone, siltstone, shale.
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The three-cone rolling cutter bit is by far the most common bit. Available with a large variety of tooth design and bearing types. Maximum use is made of limited space. Cone offset to stop rotating periodically to scrape the hole like (PCD) bits. It increases drilling speed but tooth wears faster. (4 for soft, 0 for hard) Shape of teeth: long widely spaced steel teeth are used for drilling soft formations.
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As the rock type gets harder the tooth length and cone offset must be reduced to prevent tooth breakage. Tooth action = Scraping and twisting Zero offset cones action = Crushing Smaller tooth allows more room for the construction of stronger bearings
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outer bearing Ball-type intermediate bearing Friction-type nose bearing All standard bearings are lubricated by drilling fluids. Intermediate cost bearing assembly is the sealed bearing assembly-lubricated by grease. Expensive assembly: Journal bearing must have effective grease seals. It gives long bearing life.
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Cf
Cb C (tb tc tt ) D
(1.16)
Initial selection is based on formation characteristics and drilling cost in an area. Drillability: a measure of how easy the formation is to drill. Abrasiveness:a measure of how rapidly the tooth of milled tooth bit will wear when drilling the formation. Rules of Thumb: Table 5.5: Bit types often used in various formation types. 26
Example: Half original tooth height has been worn away, the bit will be graded as T4, i.e. the teeth are 4/8 worn. BT: Broken teeth in a remarks column.
The average wear of the row of teeth with the most severe wear is reported. Measure the height before and after the bit run. Rapid visual estimates with experience. Tooth wear of Insert bits is reported as the fraction of the total number of inserts that have been broken or lost to the nearest eighth.
Example: Half the inserts broken or lost it would be graded T4. i.e. 4/8 of the inserts are broken or lost.
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If it cannot be detected: It is estimated from the number of hours left in the bearing.
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B1
B4
B7
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5.6 Termination A Bit Run There is always uncertainty about the best time to terminate
a bot run and begin tripping operations. Tooth and Bearing wear equations give at best a rough estimate of when the bit will be completely worn. It is helpful to monitor the torque needed to rotate the bit. The torque increases or fluctuates when a cone become locked due to worn bearing. If a sharp decrease in penetration rate is noticed it is advisable to pull the bit before it is completely worn. If the lithology is uniform, the total drilling cost can be minimized by minimizing the cost of each bit run. Keep a current estimate of cost/ft for the bit run, when it starts to increase pull the bit even if significant life remains.
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type Formation Characteristics Drilling Fluid properties Bit operation conditions (bit weight. and speed) Bit tooth wear Bit Hydraulics.
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3. The max. desired penetration rate for the fluid circulating rate and mud processing rates available and for efficient kick detection. 4. Equipment limitations on the available bit weight and rotary size.
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No significant penetration rate is obtained until the threshold bit weight is applied (Point a). Penetration rate then increases rapidly with increasing values of bit weight for moderate values of bit weight (Segment ab). A linear curve is often observed at moderate bit weight, subsequent increase in bit weight causes only slight improvement in the penetration rate (segment cd) In some cases, a decrease in penetration rate is observed at extremely high values of bit weight (Segment de). This behavior is called bit floundering. It is due to less efficient bottom hole cleaning at higher rates of cutting generation.
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Rotary Speed
d c b a Weight on bit
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