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Communicating over the Network

Network Fundamentals Chapter 2

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Objectives
Describe the structure of a network, including the devices and media that are necessary for successful communications. Explain the function of protocols in network communications. Explain the advantages of using a layered model to describe network functionality. Describe the role of each layer in two recognized network models: The TCP/IP model and the OSI model. Describe the importance of addressing and naming schemes in network communications.
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

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Network Structure
Define the elements of communication
3 common elements of communication message source the channel message destination

Define a network
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data or information networks capable of carrying many different types of communications


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Network Structure
Describe how messages are communicated Data is sent across a network in small chunks called segments

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Network Structure
Define the components of a network
Network components hardware software

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Network Structure

End Devices and their Role in the Network


End devices form interface with human network & communications network Role of end devices:
client server both client and server

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Network Structure
Identify the role of an intermediary device in a data network and be able to contrast that role with the role of an end device Role of an intermediary device provides connectivity and ensures data flows across network

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Network Structure
Define network media and criteria for making a network media choice Network media this is the channel over which a message travels

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Network Types
Define Local Area Networks (LANs) - A network serving a home, building or campus is considered a Local Area Network (LAN)

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Network Types
Define Wide Area Networks (WANs) - LANs separated by geographic distance are connected by a network known as a Wide Area Network (WAN)

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Network Types
Define the Internet The internet is defined as a global mesh of interconnected networks

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Network Types
Describe network representations

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication


The importance of protocols and how they are used to facilitate communication over data networks A protocol is a set of predetermined rules

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication


Explain network protocols Network protocols are used to allow devices to communicate successfully

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication


Describe Protocol suites and industry standards

A standard is
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a process or protocol that has been endorsed by the networking industry and ratified by a standards
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Function of Protocol in Network Communication


Define different protocols and how they interact

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Function of Protocol in Network Communication


Technology independent Protocols -Many diverse types of devices can communicate using the same sets of protocols. This is because protocols specify network functionality, not the underlying technology to support this functionality.

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model


Explain the benefits of using a layered model
Benefits include assists in protocol design fosters competition changes in one layer do not affect other layers provides a common language

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model


Describe TCP/IP Mode

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model


Describe the Communication Process

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Layers with TCP/IP and OSI Model


Explain protocol data units (PDU) and encapsulation

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Summary

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OSI model
Open Systems Interconnect

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History 1984.g.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced OSI standars The core of this standard is the OSI Reference Model

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OSI Reference Model

7 Layers define the diffrent stages that data must go trough to travel from one device to another over the network.
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Peer-to-Peer Comunication
Source Destination

E N C A P S U L A T I O N

D E E N C A P S U L A T I O N

0010011010010100101001
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7 APPLICATION Layer
represents the level at which applications access network services

DATA

represents the services that directly support applications such as software for file transfers, database access, and electronic mail

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6 PRESENTATION Layer
translates data from the Application layer into an intermediary format (ASCII) manages security issues by providing services such as data encryption data compression

DATA

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5 SESSION Layer
allows two applications on different computers to establish, use, and end a session establishes dialog control between the two computers in a session

DATA

PORT 21

regulates which side transmits, plus when and how long it transmits

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4 TRANSPORT Layer
handles error recognition and recovery repackages long messages when necessary into small packets for transmission at the receiving end, rebuilds packets into the original message

SEGMENTS max 1500B

1/4

2/4

3/4

4/4

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3 NETWORK Layer
logical addresses and names into physical addresses determines the route from the source to the destination computer manages traffic problems (switching, routing)

PACKETS 1/4

1/4

IP address source destination

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2 DATA LINK Layer


responsible for transferring frames from one computer to another, without errors After sending a frame, it waits for an acknowledgment from the receiving computer packages raw bits from the Physical layer into frames MAC adresa

FRAMES 1/4
IP address source destination

1/4

IP address source destination

MAC address

0010011010010100101001 0111110110110100101001 1010011010010100101001

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1 PHYSICAL Layer
transmits bits from one computer to another and regulates the transmission of a stream of bits over a physical medium defines how the cable is attached to the network adapter

BITS 0, 1

0010011010010100101001 0111110110110100101001 1010011010010100101001

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OSI vs TCP/IP

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The End

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