ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY

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SCHEMATIC OF ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY

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SCHEMATIC OF ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY

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Electron holography
Electron hologram formation Image reconstruction Hologram formation wave-electron wave Image reconstruction wave-light wave

Electron holography- conceived as a means for overcoming the limitation of resolution of electron microscope due to unavoidable presence of aberrations of objective lenses. Gabors original approach in developing it was an in-line projection method.

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Projection holography
Hologram as projected interference patternSpherical wave from point focus and scattered

wave from object

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Formation and reconstruction

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PROBLEMS
Realization of fine enough probe as an electron

source Mixing of two wavelengths =6328(He-Ne laser) =0.037(100 kVelectron wave) ,ratio : 200000 Nature of two wave fields: Light waves classical force, electron wave probability amplitude . Statistics followed:Light/photons follow B.E statistics, electron follow FD. Discovery of Pointed cathode and field emission 4/29/12 electron guns solved the gabors fine probe

Enlarging hologram so

that light wave diffracted at an appropriate angle from the interference fringes in an hologram An electron hologram of a point object magnified m times by electron lenses and recorded. light wave illumination reconstructs the original wavefront with longitudinal and lateral magnification m2(/) and m respectively
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The Mollenstedt electron biprism

Central filament Electrodes on

both sides Beams attracted by applying positive potential Overlapped to form interference pattern

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The Mollenstedt electron biprism emitted wave front

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from the source is split by the biprism filament. Due to the positive filament voltage, two waves passing on the right and the left are deflected by an angle towards each other and superimpose in the detector plane.

Scheme of image plane off-axis electron holography .

Left: the object wave

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imaged into the image wave by the conventional optics of the TEM. Superposition of the image wave with a reference wave by means of the electron biprism produces the hologram in the final

ACHIEVING ELECTRON HOLOGRAMS

specimen on the right side of the optic axis and the adjacent reference wave on left are imaged into the image plane. biprism superimposes them in the image plane. The arising interference pattern hologram

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OPTICAL RECONSTRUCTION

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SUMMARY
Electron holography offers substantial

advantages over conventional TEM imaging. the data representing the object structure are complete in that one obtains amplitude and phase cleanly separated quantitative data gauged by means of an empty reference hologram linear transfer of amplitude and phase from the object into the reconstructed wave pure elastic data due to perfect zero loss filtering
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LIMITATIONS
Performance limited by incoherent

aberrations, i.e. information limit signal/noise limits :determined by brightness of the electron source, and instabilities. Fringe spacing Effective dimensions of the recording media

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Spherical aberration correction using LC-SLM

Effect of spherical aberration : purely phase modulation Removal: by filter with phase modulation conjugate to wave

aberration. In reconstruction process, object in front focal plane, phase plate at fourier plane gives aberration free image on image plane. On passing through SLM, phase of light continously modulated to 3 by changing the voltage applied

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Applications
Interpretation of interference electron

micrographs

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Measurement of electric potential distribution Near p-n junction

(a)Reverse bias=4 V (b)reverse bias =8V

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Abharonov-Bohm effect

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SET UP

The Aharonov-Bohm

effect assures that even a magnetic flux completely hidden from an electron beam can be detected by the beam due to local interactions with vector potentials. Specimen:Toroidal ferromagnet covered with niobium layer

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Observation of flux quantization process(proof of AB Interferrogram effect) (a) T=15 K

(b) T=4.5 K

CRITICAL TEMPERATURE =9.2K

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2-D MAPPING OF ELECTOSTATIC POTENTIAL IN TRANSISTORS

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Recent developments
New phase unwrapping algorithms and

improved reconstruction techniques together with new approaches to improve the signal/noise ratio in reconstructed phase and amplitude images. Computer automation of transmission electron microscope (TEM) operating procedures simplifies not only routine tasks at the microscope but also allows the implementation of functionalities and features that are tedious to perform on an every day basis (e.g., microscope alignments, recording a series of electron holograms and their 4/29/12

References
1.A. Tonomura, Applications of electron holography,

reviews of modern physics; vol.59,no.3,1987 2.Hannes Lichte and Michael Lehmann Electron hologramRep. Prog. Phys. 71 (2008) (46pp)phybasics and applications 3. E. Voelkl1*, L.F. Allard and B. FrosT ELECTRON HOLOGRAPHY: RECENT DEVELOPMETS Scanning Microscopy Vol. 11, 1997 (Pa2ges 407-416) 4 Jun Chen, Tsukasa Hirayama, Kazuo Ishizuka, and Akira Tonomura, spherical correction using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator in off axis electron holography ,applied optics, vol. 33,no.28,1994

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REFERENCES
5.G F Missiroli, G Pozzi and U Valdri! Electron

interferometry and interference electron microscopy J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum., Vol. 14, 1981 6. W. D. Rau,1 P. Schwander,1 F. H. Baumann,2 W. Hppner,1 and A. Ourmazd1 Two-Dimensional Mapping of the Electrostatic Potential in Transistors by Electron Holography. Phy review letters,Vol 82.No.12,march 1992

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