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5 - Nerves
Neurons
Function - conduct messages to help communication between parts of nervous system. Neurons are helped by numerous supporting cells, which provide structural support, protection, and insulation of neurons.
6.5.2
Neuron Structure
Cell body large central part of neuron
Contains nucleus and other organelles
6.5.2
Neuron Structure
6.5.2
Neuron Structure
Schwann cells supporting cells that form insulating myelin sheath layer.
Increases speed of signal
Nodes of Ranvier spaces in between the Schwann cells Synaptic terminal end of axon where neurotransmitters are released into synapse
6.5.2
Nueron Structure
6.5.2
Types of Neurons
Sensory neurons communicate information about external and internal environments to central nervous system (input) Interneurons link sensory response to motor output. Motor neurons communicate response from central nervous system to effector cells (motor output) All combined, these neurons create a reflex arc, which integrates a stimulus and response.
6.5.3
A Reflex Arc
Membrane Potential
Membrane potential the difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane. The inside of the cell is negative with respect to the outside. Neurons have a resting membrane potential of -70mV
Membrane Potential
Inside the cell:
Cations: potassium (K+) and few sodium (Na+) Anions: proteins, sulfate, phosphate (collectively A-) and few chloride (Cl-)
Membrane Potential
The movement of K+ and Na+ across the membrane generate a net negative membrane potential (-70mV) A sodium-potassium pump is used to move K+ back into the cell and Na+ back out of the cell to maintain the constant concentration gradients.
Membrane Potential
6.5.4
Hyperpolarization
6.5.4
Depolarization
6.5.4
Action Potential
When depolarization reaches a certain point, the threshold potential is achieved. When threshold potential is reached, an action potential is triggered.
Action potential is a nerve impulse.
Action potentials consist of a rapid depolarization, a rapid repolarization, and undershoot (hyperpolarization)
6.5.4
Action Potential
6.5.2
Action Potential
Caused by voltage-gated channels
Open and close in response to changes in membrane potential K+ channels one gate; closed at resting potential; opens slowly during depolarization Na+ channels two gates: Activation gate closed at resting potential; opens rapidly during depolarization Inactivation gate open at resting potential; closes slowly during depolarization
6.5.5
The nervous system determines the strength of a stimulus by the frequency of action potentials Action potentials do not travel along the axons of neurons, but are continually regenerated.
Synapses
Synapse junction between two neurons
Transmitting cell presynaptic cell Receiving cell postsynaptic cell
Neurons are separated by a gap called the synaptic cleft. Messages are transmitted across the synaptic cleft by chemical neurotransmitters.
6.5.6
3. Influx of Ca2+ causes neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse to presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft (exocytosis)
6.5.6
6.5.6
6.5.6
Chemical Synapse