Genetic Engineering c4

Unit IX:
Genetic
Engineering
Mari – Mupas
2nd year Section C
Group 4
Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 1

Objectives
 1.discover ethical issues
surrounding the practice of genetic
engineering in reproductive
medicine; and
 2.understand key terms and
concepts related to the science of
genetic engineering.

Topics of Discussion
 Ethical Principles
 Therapeutic Genetics and the
Human Genome Project
 Cloning
 Prenatal and Genetic Testing and
Counseling
 Adult and Stem Cell Research and
Therapy
 Virtues of a Catholic Health Care
Catechism of the Catholic
Church (2292)
“scientific, medical or psychological
experiments on human individuals or
groups can contribute to healing the
sick and the advancement of public
health. Research or experimentation on
the human being cannot legitimate acts
that are in themselves contrary to the
dignity of persons.”

Introduction
“And God saw every thing that

he had made, and, behold, [it
was] very good..”
GENESIS 1:31

GENETIC ENGINEERING
 the artificial modification of the genetic code
of a living organism.
 Genes from one organism are inserted in
another organism, most often across natural
species boundaries.
 The scientific alteration of genes or genetic
material to produce desirable new traits in
organisms or to eliminate undesirable ones

GENETIC ENGINEERING
 Genetic Modification
 Genetic enhancement
 Genetic therapy
 Genetic manipulation

GENETIC ENGINEERING
 Makes use of the techniques of
molecular cloning and
transformation
 technology that allows one :
 to identify genes,
 to isolate them from the chromosomes,
and
 to splice them into other chromosomes of
beings of the same or different species.
To eliminate actual or
potential disease or to
improve the human
genotype:
3 DIFFERENT WAYS:
 Splicing into human cells a healthy gene
to displace a defective gene

 Administering pharmaceuticals
containing altered cells

 Stifling harmful genes by interfering
with their protein production

Pope John Paul II, Dangers
of Genetic Manipulation
“A strictly therapeutic intervention whose
explicit objective is the healing of various
maladies such as those stemming from
deficiencies of chromosomes will, in
principle, be considered desirable, provided
it is directed to the true promotion of the
personal well-being of man and does not
infringe on his integrity or worsen his
conditions of life. Such an intervention,
indeed, would fall within the logic of the
Christian moral tradition,”
“Each human person, in his

absolutely unique singularity, is
constituted not only by his spirit,
but by his body as well.”

“respect the fundamental dignity of
men and the common biological
nature which is at the base of
liberty, avoiding manipulations
that tend to modify genetic
inheritance and to create groups of
different men at the risk of causing
new cases of marginalization in
society.”
“Genetic manipulation becomes arbitrary and
unjust when it reduces life to an object,
when it forgets that it is dealing with a
human subject, capable of intelligence and
freedom, worthy of respect whatever may
be their limitations; or when it treats this
person in terms of criteria not founded
on the integral reality of the human
person, at the risk of infringing upon his
dignity. In this case, it exposes the
individual to the caprice of others, thus
depriving him of his autonomy.”
Ethical Concerns on
Genetic Engineering
Sanctity of Human Life
Protection of Human Dignity
Acceptance of Social
Responsibilities
Stewardship of God’s Creation
Sanctity of Human Life
 If genetic determinism reduces the
meaning of humanhood to the
mechanistic outworkings of
molecular biology, there is serious
potential for devaluing human life

Protection of Human
Dignity
 The protection of personal privacy

and confidentiality
 Possibility of intentionally
altering the human gene pool

Acceptance of Social
Responsibilities
 Ethics of social policies and
boundaries between individual
liberties and social responsibilities
 Use of society’s resources
 Distribution of benefits and
burdens of genetic interventions

Stewardship of God’s
Creation
 Changes have the potential for
being both permanent and, to
some degree, unpredictable
 Exploitation of other life forms for
purposes of military security or
economic gain

Ethical Principles
Principle of Human Dignity
Principle of Totality
Principle of Stewardship and
Creativity
Principle of Beneficence
Principle of Non-Maleficence
Respect for Human Dignity
 Image and likeness of God
 Respected when each human being is
accorded irreplaceable value and
significance by virtue of what he or she
means to others, and consequently is
neither excluded from the scientific and
political society due to critical views and
activities, nor violated psychologically
and/or physically (genetically) as the
object of scientific and technical
manipulation
 Applies the principle of human
dignity to oneself
 All persons must care for and
develop their natural functions in
two ways:
 Bodily and psychic
 Basic capacities

 Contradicted when:
 Alterations that would make it
impossible for a human being to
directly sense the external world at
least effectively as it now does with
five senses;
 Alterations that would make it
impossible for human beings to
experience the basic emotions,
because emotional life is closely
related to human intelligence and
creativity Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 22
Principle of Stewardship and
Creativity
 God is the Lord of life and of all
creations and we, humans, are
their custodians
 Throws light on many of the
possibilities for human
reconstruction
 The Creator has made human
beings free and intelligent, and
precisely this intelligent freedom23is
Mari, Sheryll Anne C.
Beneficence and
Non - Maleficence
 BENEFICENCE  NON
- to do good, or MALEFICENCE
what will - to avoid harm
further the to the patient,
patient’s or what would
interest be against the
patient’s
interests
Pope Benedict XVI
 "In developed countries, there is a
growing interest for the most
sophisticated biotechnological research
to introduce subtle and extensive
eugenics methods in the obsessive
search for the 'perfect child',"
- Pope Benedict XVI
- Life News, February 23, 2007

The Human Genome
Project

Therapeutic Genetics

Definition
Procedures
Cloning Developments
Somatic Cell Nuclei Transfer
Artificial Embryo Twinning
Reproductive Cloning
Therapeutic Cloning
Xenotransplantation
Recombinant DNA Technology
Risks and other issues on Cloning
Cloning
 Cloning is the process of recreating an
identical copy of an original organism or
thing
 clone in the biological sense, therefore,
is a single cell or multi-cellular organism
that has been directly copied from and
is therefore genetically identical to
another living organism
 can be achieved using cells derived
from a microscopic embryo, a fetus, or
from an adult animal.
 Cloning from adult animals was introduced
to the public in 1997 when scientists
announced the birth of Dolly, the first
animal cloned in this way.
 The real key to cloning an adult animal is

the ability to reprogram the skin cell
nucleus and cause it to begin developing
as if it was a newly fertilized egg.

5 Basic Steps
 Cloning requires specialized microsurgery tools
and involves five basic steps:
1. Enucleation of the recipient egg

2. Transfer of the donor cell into the recipient
egg
3. Fusion of the donor cell to the recipient egg
4. Culturing the resulting cloned embryo in the
incubator
5. Transferring the developing embryo into the
reproductive tract of a surrogate mother
History and Development
of Cloning
1962 - John Gurdon claims to have
cloned frogs from adult cells.
1963 - J.B.S. Haldane coins the term
'clone.'
1966 - Establishment of the complete
genetic code.
1967 - Enzyme DNA ligase isolated.
1969 - Shapiero and Beckwith isolate the
first gene.
of Cloning
 1970 - First restriction enzyme
isolated.
1972 - Paul Berg creates the first
recombinant DNA molecules.
1973 - Cohen and Boyer create first
recombinant DNA organisms.
1977 - Karl Illmensee claims to have
created mice with only one parent.
1979 - Karl Illmensee makes claim to
have cloned three mice.
of Cloning
1983 - Kary B. Mullis develops the polymerase chain
reaction technique for rapid DNA synthesis.
1983 - Solter and McGrath fuse a mouse embryo cell
with an egg without a nucleus, but fail to clone
using their technique.
1984 - Steen Willadsen clones sheep from embryo
cells
1985 - Steen Willadsen clones sheep from embryo
cells. Steen Willadsen joins Grenad Genetics to
commercially clone cattle.
1986 - Steen Willadsen clones cattle from
differentiated cells.
1986 - First, Prather, and Eyestone
Mari, Sheryll Anne C. clone a cow from34
of Cloning
 1990 - Human Genome Project begins
1996 - Dolly, the first animal cloned from
adult cells, born.
1997 - President Bill Clinton proposes a five
year moratorium on cloning.
1997 - Richard Seed announces his plans to
clone a human.
1997 - Wilmut and Campbell create Polly, a
cloned sheep with an inserted human gene.
1998 - Teruhiko Wakayama creates three
generations of genetically identical cloned
mice. Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 35
 2000: Pigs and goats reported cloned from adult
cells. Britain - first country to grant a patent for
cloned early-stage human embryos.
March 2000: Scientists announce first cloned pigs.
2001: An endangered Asian ox dies two days after
the birth of an ordinary disease after it was cloned
and gestated in the womb of a cow. Advanced Cell
Technology of Worcester, Massachusetts, says it
produced a six-cell cloned human embryo, in
research aimed at harvesting stem cells.
2002: Rabbits and a kitten reported cloned from
adult cells.
December 26, 2002: Clonaid claims to have
produced the first human clone, a baby girl called36
Mari, Sheryll Anne C.
Somatic Cell Isolation of a somatic cell
Nuclei Transfer
Transfer of the nucleus
Freshly Fertilized Zygote
Embryo Implanted into a

Surrogate Mother
Fertilization vs. SCNT
 the egg cell's single set
the sperm and egg
of chromosomes is
both contain one removed. It is replaced
set of by the nucleus from a
chromosomes. somatic cell, which
When the sperm already contains two
and egg join, the complete sets of
resulting zygote chromosomes. Therefore,
ends up with two in the resulting embryo,
sets - one from the both sets of
father (sperm) and chromosomes come from
one from the the somatic cell.
mother (egg).
Artificial Embryo
Twinning
 the relatively low-tech version of

cloning. As the name suggests, this
technology mimics the natural
process of creating identical twins.

Reproductive Cloning
 technology used to generate an animal
that has the same nuclear DNA as
another currently or previously existing
animal.
 "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT)
 not truly an identical clone of the donor
animal.
 errors or incompleteness in the
reprogramming process cause the high
rates of death, deformity, and disability
observed among animal clones.
Uses of Reproductive
cloning
 If success rate is improved, it can
be used to develop efficient ways
to reliably reproduce animals with
special qualities
 used to repopulate endangered
animals or animals that are
difficult to breed.

Endangered animals
 In 2001, the first clone of an
endangered wild animal was born, a
wild ox called a gaur.
 In 2001, scientists in Italy reported the
successful cloning of a healthy baby
mouflon, an endangered wild sheep
 Other endangered species that are
potential candidates for cloning include
the African bongo antelope, the
Sumatran tiger, and the giant panda.
Therapeutic cloning
 production of human embryos for
use in research.
 harvest stem cells that can be
used to study human development
and to treat disease.
 used to generate virtually any
type of specialized cell in the
human body.
Therapeutic cloning
 The goal of this process is not to create
cloned human beings, but rather to
harvest stem cells that can be used to
study human development and to treat
disease
 used in humans to produce whole
organs from single cells or to produce
healthy cells that can replace damaged
cells in degenerative diseases such as
Alzheimer's or Parkinson's.
 In 2001, scientists with the
biotechnology company Advanced
Cell Technology (ACT) reported
that they had cloned the first
human embryos; however, the only
embryo to survive the cloning
process stopped developing after
dividing into six cells.

 In February 2002, scientists with the
same biotech company reported that
they had successfully transplanted
kidney-like organs into cows.
 The team of researchers created a
cloned cow embryo by removing the
DNA from an egg cell and then injecting
the DNA from the skin cell of the donor
cow's ear.

xenotransplantation
 Another potential application of
cloning to organ transplants is the
creation of genetically modified
pigs from which organs suitable for
human transplants could be
harvested .

Recombinant DNA
technology
 important for learning about other
related technologies, such as gene
therapy, genetic engineering of
organisms, and sequencing
genomes.
 used to treat certain genetic
conditions by introducing virus
vectors that carry corrected copies
of faulty genes into the cells of a
Recombinant DNA
technology
 . Genes from different organisms
that improve taste and nutritional
value or provide resistance to
particular types of disease can be
used to genetically engineer food
crops.

Risks of cloning
 expensive and highly inefficient
 More than 90% of cloning attempts
fail to produce viable offspring
 cloned animals tend to have more
compromised immune function
and higher rates of infection,
tumor growth, and other disorders

Risks of cloning
 Many cloned animals have not
lived long enough to generate
good data about how clones age.
 Clones have been known to die
mysteriously.
 Problems also may result from
programming errors in the genetic
material from a donor cell.

Cloning
 In 1952, the first animal, a tadpole, was
cloned.
 Before the creation of Dolly, the first
mammal cloned from the cell of an
adult animal, clones were created from
embryonic cells.
 Hundreds of cloned animals exist today,
but the number of different species is
limited.
Dolly the sheep
• Dolly the sheep,
the world's first
cloned adult
animal.
• In February 14 2003,
he was put to death
by lethal injection
due to arthritis
• Dolly was a mother
to six lambs, bred
the old-fashioned
way.
Should humans be cloned?
 Due to the inefficiency of animal
cloning (only about 1 or 2 viable
offspring for every 100
experiments) and the lack of
understanding about reproductive
cloning, many scientists and
physicians strongly believe that it
would be unethical to attempt to
clone humans.
Italian fertility specialist
Severino Antinori speaks
at a conference on human
cloning in Rome on March
9 2001. The Italian
medical authorities
warned that Dr Antinori
risked losing his right to
practise in Italy because of
his plans to clone human
beings.

“Reflections on
Cloning”
June 25, 1997
3) Dignity of human procreation

4) Dignity accorded to each
person without discrimination
5) Basic human relationships

Dignity of Human
Procreation
“It represents a radical manipulation of the
constitutive relationality and complementarity
which is at the origin of human procreation in
both its biological and strictly personal
aspects. It tends to make bisexuality a purely
functional left-over, given that an ovum must
be used without its nucleus in order to make
room for the clone-embryo and requires, for
now, a female womb so that its development
may be brought to term”
PONTIFICIA ACADEMIA PRO VITA
REFLECTIONS ON CLONING
ETHICAL PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH HUMAN Mari, Sheryll Anne C.
CLONING 57
Dignity of Human
Procreation
“The illicitness of cloning is derived…
…from the absence of a personal act of

procreative love since it involves asexual,
agamic reproduction and, in short, from the
offence to the Creator's design”

CLONING 58
Dignity accorded to each
person without
discrimination
 “Human cloning must also be judged
negative with regard to the dignity of
the person cloned, who enters the world
by virtue of being the "copy" (even if
only a biological copy) of another being:
this practice paves the way to the
clone's radical suffering, for his psychic
identity is jeopardized by the real or
even by the merely virtual presence of
hisPRO
PONTIFICIA ACADEMIA ‘other’.”
VITA
CLONING 59
Dignity accorded to each
person without
discrimination
“The human body is an integral part of every
individual's dignity and personal identity, and
it is not permissible to use women as a
source of ova for conducting cloning
experiments.”

CLONING 60
Basic human relationships
 “In the cloning process the basic
relationships of the human person
are perverted: filiation,
consanguinity, kinship,
parenthood.”

CLONING 61
"Values in a Time of Upheaval”
By: Pope Benedict XVI
“…the quiet wasting away of

human dignity."
“…more dangerous threat than

weapons of mass destruction.”

Genetic Engineering c4

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Genetic Engineering c4

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Unit IX:

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 1

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 2

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 4

“And God saw every thing that

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 5

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 6

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 7

to displace a defective gene

containing altered cells

with their protein production

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 9

“Each human person, in his

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 11

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 15

 The protection of personal privacy

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 16

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 17

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 18

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 21

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 25

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 26

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 27

 The real key to cloning an adult animal is

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 30

1. Enucleation of the recipient egg

Freshly Fertilized Zygote

Embryo Implanted into a

 the relatively low-tech version of

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 39

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 41

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 45

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 46

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 47

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 49

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 50

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 51

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 55

3) Dignity of human procreation

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 56

…from the absence of a personal act of

PONTIFICIA ACADEMIA PRO VITA

PONTIFICIA ACADEMIA PRO VITA

PONTIFICIA ACADEMIA PRO VITA

“…the quiet wasting away of

“…more dangerous threat than

Mari, Sheryll Anne C. 62

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen