Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
/9
/9
nitial values
Acceleration in x, y and z
/9
/9
/9
nitial values
Speed in x, y and z
Coordinates in x, y and z
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 23 EEE381B
3.3 Two N platform implementations:
1. Gyrostabilised platform
The accelerometers and gyroscopes are
placed on a platform that itself is stabilized
so as to maintain a fixed position in space.
Requires fine servo motors and mechanisms
to maintain stabilization
Very costly
Not very reliable
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 24 EEE381B
3.3.1 Two N platform implementations:
2. Strapdown platform
The sensors are fixed to the body of the
device, and thus the aircraft.
The necessary calculations to convert the
from the vehicle axis to the space axis are
computed sing a digital computer.
Less costly, less maintenance.
More reliable.
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 25 EEE381B
3.3.2 Two N platform implementations:
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 26 EEE381B
3.4 N System of axis
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 27 EEE381B
3.5 Stand-alone NS
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 28 EEE381B
4. Global navigation satellite
systems (GNSS)
Three systems:
GLONASS
Galileo
GPS
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 29 EEE381B
4.1 GLONASS
A system of the former Soviet Union
First satellite launched in 1982, system of
24 satellites completed in 1995.
Currently the system is only about 25%
operational.
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 30 EEE381B
4.2 Galileo
A European system of scheduled to enter
service around 2013.
30 satellites planned so as to provide better
coverage for higher (polar) latitudes.
ndependent of GPS (in times of war)
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 31 EEE381B
4.3 GPS
American system
Operational since 1993.
24 satellites, arranged so that a minimum of 5
are always visible anywhere on earth.
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 32 EEE381B
4.3.1 GPS - Principles of operation
Control segment
ground-based control stations
monitoring stations
antennas (dishes)
Space segment
the 24 satellites
User segment
ships, automobiles, airplanes, portable devices,
phones
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 33 EEE381B
4.3.2 GPS - Principles of operation
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 34 EEE381B
4.3.3 GPS - Principles of operation
Basic ranging and triangulation is used to
compute a receivers position.
Each satellite transmits a unique identifier code and a
precise time stamp.
The ground based control / monitoring stations keep
the precise time and positional information of each
satellite up-to-date.
The receiver can accurately pin-point its position by
knowing the signal time travel from at least 4
satellites.
Accuracy: 100 m (all users), 16 m (selective availability)
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 35 EEE381B
4.3.4 GPS is not perfect
Atmospheric affects
The speed of the signal is affected by ionospheric and
tropospheric conditions.
Sun spots
Propagation via multiple paths (multi path) can
cause time discrepancies.
The internal satellite positional data (ephemeris)
can accumulate error.
t is possible to jam (locally) GPS signals.
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 36 EEE381B
4.3.5 Differential GPS (DGPS)
Selective availability causes problems for users
requiring reliably accurate information, such as
civil aviation.
For improved accuracy, differential GPS has
been introduced wherein position corrections are
provided by ground stations.
ide-area DGPS corrections provided by a network
of ground stations.
Local area DGPS corrections provided by a single
ground station.
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 37 EEE381B
4.3.5.1 ide-area augmentation system
(AAS)
This system improves the accuracy of the
system to within I7 m.
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 38 EEE381B
4.3.5.2 Local-area augmentation system
(LAAS)
Compliments AAS at a local level
The corrected data is
transmitted in the VHF
band (line of sight).
mproves the accuracy
to I1 m.
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 39 EEE381B
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 40 EEE381B
5. ntegrated Navigation
By integrating various means of navigation,
better performance can be achieved.
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 41 EEE381B
5.1 hich system do you use?
The equipment used in an integrated navigation
system depends upon the phase of flight.
Oceanic en route
redundant NS + GPS, possibly LORAN-C
Domestic en route
NDB, VOR, DME, TACAN
Terminal
NDB, VOR, DME, TACAN + GPS
Approach
nstrument or microwave landing system (LS) / (MLS)
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 42 EEE381B
5.2 The flight management system
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 43 EEE381B
5.2.1 . and its interface
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 44 EEE381B
5.2.2 . and its data
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 45 EEE381B
6. nstrument landing system (LS)
An approach and landing system that includes:
A localizer antenna centered on the runway to provide
lateral guidance.
A glideslope antenna positioned on one side of the
runway to provide vertical guidance.
A set of marker beacons positioned in front of the
runway to indicate the stage of the landing.
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 46 EEE381B
6.1 Localizer and glideslope
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 47 EEE381B
6.2 LS approach markers
The frequency
increases as
you approach
the runway
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 48 EEE381B
7. n-class exercises
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 49 EEE381B
Recall the principle of operation of a VOR;
assume the beacon secondary transmitter
is initialized at 0 (North) and the direction
of rotation is clockwise.
f your aircraft is receiving the 30 Hz
sweep signal at 56/6 radians out of phase
with the reference 30 Hz signal,
what is your bearing?
7.1 Quick response exercise # 1
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 50 EEE381B
7.2 Quick response exercise #2
You get a 135 bearing to a VOR beacon
and you adjust your aircraft heading to that
bearing. Five minutes later you recheck
your VOR and discover that your bearing
to the VOR is now 145.
How is this possible?
hat impact does this have on the design of
a (simple) auto-pilot system?
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 51 EEE381B
7.3 Quick response exercise #3
A navigator-in-training takes a hand-held GPS onto a
cross-country flight on a CC130. He is getting position
information from within the cargo bay, but frequently gets
a lost signal error. He decides to move next to one of
the windows to get better satellite coverage. He radios
the cockpit to ask for their position reading, and
discovers that it is not quite the same as his GPS.
hich is likely more accurate?
hat are the sources of error with the hand-held?
inter 2009 Navigation systems - 52 EEE381B
References
1) Moir & Seabridge, "Military Avionics Systems, American nstitute
of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 2006. [Sections 2.6 & 2.7]
2) Collinson, "ntroduction to Avionics Systems, Second Edition,
Springer, 2006.
3) ikipedia, VHF omnidirectional range,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range
4) Mark A. Hicks, "Clip art licensed from the Clip Art Gallery on
DiscoverySchool.com"