Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
LE LE
T1 T2 T3
time Audio Signal
T4 T5 T6 T7
Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude T1 T2 T3
time
Modulated (PAM) T4 T5 T6 T7
signal
8000 8
samples x bits per = 64kbit/s
per sec sample
x4 x4
x 24 x 30/31
64 kbit/s
1
64 kbit/s 8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)
Data Signals 30 1
34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)
DSMX 1
64k/2
1
139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)
0.3 to 3.1 kHz 1
30
AF signals
PCMX 30
1
15 kHz
Sound Program 5
DSMX
4
Signals 34/140
PCMX 30 4
DSMX
8/34
DSMX Channel Capacity:
64
2/8 64 x 30 = 1920
30
signalling
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs information
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 slots
signalling
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs information
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 slots
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...)
signalling
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125µs information
encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals
time
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 slots
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS 0 0 0 0 x Y x x frame 0
(frames 0,2,4...) MFAS NMFAS
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS a b c d a b c d frames 1... 15 & 17...31
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...) signalling signalling
subscr. n subscr. n+15
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS 0 0 0 0 x Y x x frame 0
(frames 0,2,4...) MFAS NMFAS
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS a b c d a b c d frames 1... 15 & 17...31
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...) signalling signalling
subscr. n subscr. n+15
Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 FAS 0 0 0 0 x Y x x frame 0
(frames 0,2,4...) MFAS NMFAS
Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa NFAS a b c d a b c d frames 1... 15 & 17...31
(M) 4 5 6 7 8 (frames 1,3,5...) signalling signalling
subscr. n subscr. n+15
Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:
sub multiframe 2 sub multiframe 1
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
10 2 200 4 208 4 208 4 4 204
A: Alarm Bit
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
N: National Spare Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N S: Stuffing Bit
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
10 2 200 4 208 4 208 4 4 204
A: Alarm Bit
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
N: National Spare Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N S: Stuffing Bit
34.368 kbit/s; frame length 1536 bit; 44.7 us; ITU-T G.751
10 2 372 4 380 4 380 4 4 376
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N
1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b 1c 2c 3c 4c 1d 2d 3d 4d 1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A N N N
A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a,b,c,d: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
LOS
LOF AIS
AIS PDH
Equipment
D-Bit
main
OLTU OLTU OLTU OLTU
stand-by
34 - 140 34 - 140 34 - 140 34 - 140
8 - 34 8 - 34 8 - 34 8 - 34
ADM
STM-1, STM-4
140Mbit/s
2Mbit/s ADM STM-4/-16 ADM
34Mbit/s
ATM 34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
Switch STM-1
2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
DSC
2Mbit/s STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer 34Mbit/s
DXC : Digital Cross Connect 140Mbit/s
TM : Terminal Multiplexer STM-1
DSC: Digital Switching Center STM-4
LAN: Local Area Network
Cicuit Layer
......
Packet Network Telephone Network
Lower
Order
VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3 Path
Layer
Transmission Media
Multiplex section layer Section
Layer
Layer
Regenerator section layer
Multiplex
Section
Regenerator
Sections VC-2
VC-12 VC-3 VC-4 VC-4 VC-3 VC-12
VC-1
SMX
SMX
Reg
VC-2 VC-4 VC-4 VC-2
VC-1 VC-3 VC-3 VC-1
STM-n STM-n
RSOH RSOH
STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POH
VC-1/2/3 POH
DEMUX
PDH PDH
DEMUX
MUX /
MUX /
Reg.
x1 x7
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3 DS3: 44.736 kbit/s
STS-1 C-3
STS-1 STS-1 SPE E3 : 34.368 kbit/s
x7
TUG-2 x1 TU-2 VC-2
VT C-2 DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
VT-6 VT-SPE
group
Pointer processing
TU-12 VC-12
Multiplexing x3 C-12 E1: 2.048 kbit/s
VT-2 VT-SPE
x4
Aligning
TU-11 VC-11
Mapping C-11 DS1: 1.544 kbit/s
VT-1.5 VT-SPE
BELLCORE GR.253
SONET SDH ITU-T G.707 SDH ETSI
ANSI T1.105
MSOH
C-4
VC-4
VC-4 POH
C-4
AU-4
AU Pointer
VC-4
VC-4 POH
C-4
1
RSOH AU-4
3
4 AU Pointer
5 VC-4
MSOH
VC-4 POH
C-4
9
STM-1 #3 33333
44444
STM-1 #4
B1 B1
B2 B2
termination new
Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation on
the STM-n output signal.
STM-4 SOH
36 bytes Payload
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X
B1 E1 F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X
D1 D2 D3 X
A U Pointers
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D5
D7 D8 D9
D D D
10 11 12
S1Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X
#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4
DEMUX
PDH DEMUX
PDH
MUX /
MUX /
Reg.
back-up line
clock clock
clock
Parity Bytes B2 B2
B1 B1
B3
Comm.
Channels
F2 E2, D4 ... D12 E1, F1, D1 ... D3
STM-1 SOH
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X
B1 E1 F1 X X VC-3/4 POH
D1 D2 D3 J1
AU - PTR H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3 B3
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 C2
D4 D5 D6
G1
D7 D8 D9 VC-11/12/ 2 POH
F2
D10 D11 D12
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M 1 E2 X X H4 V5
F3 J2
K3 N2
Media dependent bytes
N1 K4
X Reserved for national use
P O H
MSOH
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and Payload
Parity check
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)
Container C4
Path Overhead
Pointer
Administrative Unit AU-4
Section Overhead
Synchronous Transport Module STM-1
AU-Pointer
VC-4
1 TU-
PTR
VC-4 POH
VC-12
VC-12
POH
J1
C4 payload
N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D
RSOH
Actual pointer H1 H2 H3 Start of VC-4
MSOH
125µs
RSOH
Pointer with
inverted D bits H1 H2 H3
MSOH
250µs
RSOH
H1 H2 negative justification byte (data)
MSOH
375µs
New pointer RSOH
H1 H2 H3
MSOH
500µs
9 261
RSOH
AU Pointer 260
J1
B3
MSOH C2
G1 20 x 13 bytes per row
F2
H4 C-4
Z3 140 Mbit/s
K3
Z5
J1 W 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I
X 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I
Y 96 I Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I
Y 96 I Y 96 I X 96 I Y 96 I Z 96 I
9 261
RSOH
AU Pointer 260
J1
H1 H1 H1
B3
MSOH C2
H2 H2 H2
J1 VC-3 #3
G1 H3 H3 H3 B3 J1 VC-3 #2
F2 C2 B3 J1 VC-3 #1
H4 G1 C2 B3
Z3 fixed stuffing F2 G1 C2
K3 H4 F2 G1
Z5 Z3 H4 F2
C3
VC-4 POH
K3 Z3 H4 C-3
Z5 K3 Z3 34 Mbit/s
Z5 K3
Z5
VC-3 POH
84
C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s
RSOH
AU pointer
MSOH VC-4
TUG-3
TUG-2
TU-12
Tu pointer
VC-12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................261
RSOH J1
B3
S T U F F I N G
S T U F F I N G
C2
AU-4 Pointer
G1
F2
H4
MSOH Z3
K3
Z5 A B C A B C A A B C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................86
TUG-3 N
NPI: Null Pointer Indication
S T U F F I N G
P
I 1001 XX11 1110 0000 XXXX XXXX
S T U F F I N G
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2 E3 F3 G3
TU-12s occupy
36 bytes per
TU-12 ..... TU-12 TU-12 ..... TU-12 TU-12 ..... TU-12 frame
#1 #3 #1 #3 #1 #3
RSOH
AU-4 Pointers
J1
B3
MSOH
Fixed Stuff
C2
Fixed Stuff
Fixed Stuff
G1
F2 C-4-4c
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4-4c
4 x 261 bytes
The first Pointer indicates J1
All other Pointers are set to "Concatenation Indication" ATM Cell
?
VC4
4x VC4
VC4 150 Mbit/s
VC-4-4c
Out In Out In
In Out
In Out
STM-4 port STM-4c port
STM-4c port STM-4 port
RSOH
AU-4 Pointers
J1 J1 J1 J1
B3 B3 B3 B3
MSOH C2 C2 C2 C2
G1 G1 G1 G1
F2 F2 F2 F2 C-4-4vc
H4 H4 H4 H4
F3 F3 F3 F3
K3 K3 K3 K3
N1 N1 N1 N1
Generation: VC-4-4vc
All Pointers are set to the same value 4 x 261 bytes
All VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4
All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's ATM Cell
J1 J1
J1 B3
B3 J1 B3
VC-4 #1 C2 C2 VC-4 #4
C2 B3
VC-4 #2 G1 VC-4 #3 G1
G1 C2 F2
F2 G1 F2
H4 H4
H4 F2 F3
F3 H4 F3
K3
K3 F3 J1 J1 J1 J1K3 N1
N1 K3 B3 B3 B3 B3N1
N1 C2 C2 C2 C2
G1 G1 G1 G1
F2 F2 F2 F2 C-4-4vc
H4 H4 H4 H4
F3 F3 F3 F3
K3 K3 K3 K3
N1 N1 N1 N1
Termination: VC-4-4vc
VC-4-4vc is reconstructed using the 4 x 261 bytes
(different) pointer values for alignment
ATM Cell
x1 x7
STM-0 AU-3 VC-3 DS3: 44.736 kbit/s
STS-1 C-3
STS-1 STS-1 SPE E3 : 34.368 kbit/s
x7
TUG-2 x1 TU-2 VC-2
VT C-2 DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
VT-6 VT-SPE
group
TU-12 VC-12
SDH ITU-T G.707 x3
VT-2 VT-SPE
C-12 E1: 2.048 kbit/s
x4
TOH SPE
9 Rows
125 µs
B2 K1 K2
Data Com Data Com Data Con
D4 D5 D6
Data Com Data Com Data Com
D7 D8 D9
Data Com Data Com Data Com
D10 D11 D12
Trace
Sync Status FEBE Orderwire J1
Z1 Z2 E2
BIP-8
B3
Signal Label
C2
Path Status
G15
User Channel
F2
Indicator
H4
Async DS-3
Growth
Z3
Growth
Z4
Tandem
Z5
The first column of the SPE (9 bytes) is taken up by STS-1 path overhead (POH)
Remaining 86 columns are treated as a single bundle.
The complete STS-1 payload envelope is about 51Mb/s :
DS-3 is 44736 Mb/s - approximately 5 Mb/s of insert stuffing must be added.
Terminal Multiplexer
SDH Repeater
Applications:
STM-n STM-n
Line Signal Regeneration
in Point-to-Point and Ring
Networks
ADM
WEST EAST
STM-1/4 STM-1/4
......
140 VC4
VC 4 140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s VC4 140
VC 3
34
VC 12 VC3
34 (45)Mbit/s VC3 34 (45)Mbit/s
VC12
VC11
2 (1.5)Mbit/s VC12 2 2 (1.5)Mbit/s
4
16 x 140 Mbit/s 4
Optical STM-16
or 4
Transmit
4 Sync Unit
16 x STM-1
MUX
ADM
STM-1, STM-4
140Mbit/s
2Mbit/s ADM STM-4/-16 ADM
34Mbit/s
ATM 34Mbit/s
Switch STM-1 8Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
Local Network
Local
Exchange
FlexMux
Subscriber Mux
Access 64/2M
SSU SSU
Synchronization Supply Unit
Limits:
Internal 2 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s Oscillator
Data Signal Data Signal
± 4.6 ppm
Osc.
Synchronous
SDH Signal
2 048 kHz
Central Clock
100000
10000
1000
100
10
VT Path (VP)
TU-LOM Loss Of Multiframe LOM Loss Of Multiframe
BIP-2/B3 LO Path BIP Errors BIP-2 VP BIP Errors
LP-UNEQ LO Path Unequipped UNEQ-V VP Unequipped
LP-RDI LO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-V VP Remote Defect Ind.
LP-REI LO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-V VP Remote Error Ind.
LP-RFI LO Path Remote Failure Ind. RFI-V VP Remote Failure Ind.
PDI-V VP Payload Defect Ind.
LP-TIM LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-V VP Trace Ident. Mismatch
LP-PLM LO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-V VP Payload Label Mism.
RSOH B1:
- Supervision of the
Payload whole STM-1 frame
- Covers the regenerator
MSOH sections of a trans-
mission system
B2:
RSOH
- Covers the multiplex
AU-PTR sections (from network
Payload
node to network node)
MSOH
B3:
RSOH
- Covers the transmission
Payload
Payload paths from beginning to
the end (tributary to
MSOH tributary)
BIP-8 B1
BIP-8 B1
Receive Side
recalculation at Rx side
Comparison
with the Tx side value BIP-8 B1
801 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
BIP-24 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
AIS
LOS Drop of incomming optical power level causes BER of 10-3 or worse
OOF A1, A2 incorrect for more than 625 us
LOF If OOF persists of 3ms
B1 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8
MS-AIS K2 (bits 6,7,8) =111 for 3 or more frames
B2 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-24
MS-RDI If MS-AIS or excessive errors are detected, K2(bits 6,7,8)=110
MS-REI M1: Binary coded count of incorrect interleavedbit blocks
AU-AIS All "1" in the entire AU including AU pointer
AU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers
HP-UNEQ C2="0" for 5 or more frames
HP-TIM J1: Trace identifier mismatch
HP-SLM C2: Signal label mismatch
HP-LOM H4 values (2 to 10 times) unequal to multiframesequence
Abbreviations:
ITU-T G.826
ES Errored Second Second with> 1errored block
SES Severely Errored Second Second with > 30% errored blocks
or > 1 defect
1
UI
Bit Sequence 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
Actual Signal
(with Jitter
and Wander)
• Interference signals
• Pattern dependent jitter
• Phase noise
• Delay variation
• Stuffing and wait time jitter
• Mapping jitter
• Pointer jitter
Jitter
Signal Pattern HP LP and
Input
N φ Wander
1 Result
Clock V
Evaluation
Jitter / UIpp
Jitter Time
Amplitude
(PP)
Measurement Period
Wander / UI
e nting
s t
Time variation against reference
r e pre Offse
pe cy
TIE max Slo equen
Fr
TIE min
Time
Observation Period
Start End
W
1 + 1 Protection scheme
P
W
P 1 : 1 Protection scheme
W
W 1 : N Protection scheme
W
1 + 1 Protection scheme
P
W
P 1 : 1 Protection scheme
W
W 1 : N Protection scheme
A B -> A A
longer
ADM ADM
Traffic B -> A path
Bidirectional Ring
Unidirectional Ring
- use the shorter or longer path
traffic between A-B - increase number of paths
uses the entire length of ring - short path : traffic
long path : protection
A Fiber 2 : unidirectional
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
A Fiber 2 : unidirectional
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
A Fiber 2 : unidirectional
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
A Protection
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Working
D
A Protection
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Working
D
A Protection
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Working
D
A Fiber 2
working
F Tributary B protection
E Tributary C
A Fiber 2
working
F Tributary B protection
E Tributary C
A Fiber 2
working
F Tributary B protection
E Tributary C
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4 A
F Tributary B
E Tributary C
Administrative functions:
Q Central Q
OS
Q
Q
Local
OS
Q
Q ECC
CC CC
Q ECC
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
Performance
Central X Central X
Faults
OS OS
Configuration
NE
Q3 Accounting
Manager Q3 Security
NE Local
Manager OS
STM-N
Q3
Q3
Q ECC Q ECC
ADM DXC STM-N STM-N DXC
ADM
ADM
Operating
System
OS F
Workstation
Q3
Network
Element
Network MD: Conversion between different interfaces
NE Element (Information Conversion Function ICF:
NE manufacturer-specific information model ->
operator specific information model)
QMonitor provides
QMonitor − easy adaptation to the interface
based on (autoconfiguration)
DominoWAN − decoding of protocols and management
DominoLAN information
DA-30 − automatic detection of errors in
Qecc Qecc management information
− SDH/SONET Qecc access with
Qecc
transmission analyzers (e.g. ANT-20)
TMN capabilities
Built-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC
WDM WDM
λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4 λ1, λ2, λ3, λ4
Optical D&I
STM-N, λ2 ADM STM-N, λ2
OC-N OC-N
Local Traffic
2Mbit/s, DS-3, STM-1 Extract selectively
Minimize need for demultiplexing
entire bandwidth
acity
C a p
rg e r
La
Future DWDM
l N e t w o rks
Trends Optic a
in
Q3 Worldwide TMN
Synchronous
Technology
STM-16c
Add
ition VC2-5c
al Map
ping PoS
s
17.10.08 05:03 The World of Synchronous Networks 124
Let‘s summarize !