Voice Over Internet Protocol

(VoIP)
 Introduction to Computer Networks
 Direct link networks
 Internetworking
 End-to-end protocols

 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

 Voice quality
 Transport
 Network QoS
 Multimedia Streaming
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Layered Architecture
Application FTP HTTP TELNET SMTP

Network TCP UDP

Data link IP

Physical NET1 NET2 …… NETK

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Local Area Networks (LAN)
 Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
 Rooted in an early packet radio network called
ALOHA developed at the University of Hawaii
and developed by Xerox Palo Alto Research
Center in 1970s
 The most successful LAN technology in the last
twenty years
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD)
 FDDI (IEEE 802.5)
 Wireless (IEEE 802.11)

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What is an Internetwork
(Internet)?
 Internet refers to an arbitrary collection of
networks interconnected to provide some
sort of host-to-host packet delivery service
 How is internetwork different from
networks?
 Network often refers to either a directly
connected or a switched network (e.g., 802.5,
Ethernet or ATM) → “physical network”
 An internetwork is an interconnected collection
of networks → “logical network”

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Example
Network 1 Network 2
(Ethernet) (Ethernet)

R2
R1

Network 3
(FDDI)

R3 Network 4
(wireless)
Rn=Router

FDDI=Fiber Distributed Data Interface

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Internet Protocol
 Invented by Kahn and Cerf in 1970s
 The best case study of a scalable and heterogeneous
networking protocol
 A datagram is a type of packet that is sent in a
connectionless manner over a network
 IP service model is sometimes called “Best Effort”
– i.e., although IP makes every effort to deliver
datagrams, it makes no guarantees
 Addressing scheme: identify all hosts in the internet
 Datagram (connectionless) model of data delivery

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Why Best Effort?
 It is the simplest service you could ask
from an internetwork and it keeps the
routers as simple as possible
 The ability of IP to “run over anything”:
many technologies IP runs today did not
exist when IP was invented
 Best effort delivery does not just mean
that packets can get lost
 They can be delivered out of order
 The same packet can be delivered more than
once
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Packet Format in IPv4

The maximum size of an IP datagram is 65535 bytes

(fragmentation and reassembly might be needed when
physical networks do not support such long packets)
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Fragmentation and
Reassembly
 Why are they needed?
 Heterogeneous collection of networks have
different packet-size limits – e.g., up to 1500
bytes for Ethernet and up to 4500 bytes for
FDDI
 All fragments after fragmentation will be
assigned a unique IDENT field in the
second word, which enables them to be
reassembled at the host
 IP does not attempt to recover from
missing fragments
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Global Addresses
 IP addresses are hierarchical
 Network part: identifies the network to which
the host is attached
 Host part: identifies each host uniquely on that
particular network
 IPv4 addresses (32bits)
 Class A: 0 + network(7 bits) + host (24 bits)
 Class B: 10+ network(14 bits)+host (16 bits)
 Class C: 110 + network(21 bits)+host (8 bits)
 Class D: specify a multicast group
 Class E: unused
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Examples

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Datagram Forwarding in IP
 Every IP datagram contains the IP address of the
destination host
 The network part of an IP address uniquely
identifies a single physical network that is part of
the larger internet
 All hosts and routers that share the same
network part of their address are connected to
the same physical network and can communicate
with each other by sending frames over that
network
 Every physical network that is part of the Internet
has at least one router that is also connected to
at least one other physical network

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Bridges, Switches and
Routers
 They all forward messages from one to
another. The differences are
 Bridges are link-level nodes: forward frames
within an extended local area network (LAN)
 Switches are network-level nodes: forward
packets within a packet-switched network
 Routers are internetwork-level nodes: forward
datagrams to implement internet
 However, the distinction could become
vague in some cases (e.g., multiport
bridge)
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Ethernet Address and IP
Address
 Ethernet addresses (48 bits) are
configured into the network adaptor by the
manufacturer
 However, IP addresses need to be
reconfigurable because a host might be
connected to different networks (e.g.,
travel with your laptop to a conference)
 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP) improves the manageability of a
network

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Routing and Forwarding
 Forwarding table is used when a packet is
being forwarded and so must contain
enough information to accomplish the
forwarding function
 Routing table is the table that is built up
by the routing algorithms as a precursor to
building the forward table
 Routing is among the most difficult
technical issues in computer networks.

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Routing as a Problem of Graph
Theory

6 D
B 2
4 1
5
1 G
A E

9 1
1 7
C
3 F

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Transport (End-to-End)
Protocols
 Objectives of transport layers
 Guarantee message delivery
 Deliver the message in the same order they
are sent
 Deliver at most one copy of the message
 Support arbitrarily large messages
 Support synchronization between sender and
receiver
 Allow receiver to apply flow control to the
sender
 Support multiple application processes at each
host
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Recall: Limitations of
networks
 Networks may
 Drop messages
 Reorder messages
 Deliver duplicate copies of a given message
 Limit messages to some finite size
 Deliver messages after an arbitrarily long delay
 Two classes of protocols are most popular
 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

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Simple Demultiplexer: UDP

UDP Header Format

UDP does not provide the reliability and ordering guarantees

that TCP does

Without the overhead of checking if every packet actually arrived,

UDP is faster and more efficient for many lightweight or
time-sensitive purposes.

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Reliable Byte Stream: TCP
 A virtual circuit (VC) is a communications
arrangement in which data from a source user
may be passed to a destination user over more
than one real communications circuit during a
single period of communication, but the switching
is hidden from the users
 The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a
virtual circuit protocol that is one of the core
protocols of the Internet protocol suite. Using
TCP, applications on networked hosts can create
connections to one another, over which they can
exchange data in packets. The protocol
guarantees reliable and in-order delivery of data
from sender to receiver.

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Voice Over Internet Protocol
(VoIP)
 Introduction to Computer Networks
 Direct link networks
 Internetworking
 End-to-end protocols

 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

 Voice quality
 Transport
 Network QoS
 Multimedia Streaming
EE493Q: Digital Speech Processing
VoIP and Its History
 VoIP refers to the routing of voice conversations over the
Internet or through any other IP-based network.
 The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) research sponsored by
DARPA in 1973 was the ancestor of VoIP
 It was in 1995 that the first Internet Phone Software
appeared; The breakthrough in VoIP history came when
hardware manufacturers such as Cisco Systems and Nortel
started producing VoIP equipment that was capable of
switching
 A major development starting in 2004 has been the
introduction of mass-market VoIP services over broadband
Internet access services, in which subscribers make and
receive calls as they would over the PSTN

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 PSTN: Public switched telephone network
PBX: Public branch exchange
VoIP Diagram SIP: Session initiation protocol

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Business Model
 Some cost savings are due to utilizing a
single network to carry voice and data,
especially where users have existing
underutilized network capacity they can
use for VoIP at no additional cost.
 VoIP to VoIP phone calls on any provider
are typically free, whilst VoIP to PSTN calls
generally costs the VoIP user.
 Why eBay Is Buying Skype?

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Nomenclature

 PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network

 PBX: Public Branch eXchange
 SIP: Session Initiation Protocol
 TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
 RTP: Real-time Transport Protocol
 UDP: User Datagram Protocol
 RSVP: ReSerVation setup protocol
 QoS: Quality of Service

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Voice Quality
 Factors affecting voice quality
 Speech codec
 Echo control
 Packet loss
 Delay and delay variation (jitter)
 Network design
 Speech quality assessment
 Mean opinion score (MOS)
 The effect of environmental noise
 The effect of channel degradation (e.g., packet loss)
 The effect of tandem encoding/decoding

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Speech Coding Algorithms

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MOS Comparison

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Concatenation and
Transcoding

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Transport
 Network protocols
 IP: a connectionless best effort network
communication protocol
 TCP: Use acknowledgement and retransmission
to ensure packet receipt
 UDP: Unreliable connectionless delivery service
using IP to transport messages
 RTP: used in conjunction with UDP to provide
end-to-end network transport functions
 VoIP uses RTP/UDP/IP instead of TCP/IP
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Bandwidth Efficiency
 Transmission is not always free, therefore
transmission efficiency has its merit
 Speech coding/compression algorithms: coding
delay and packetization delay
 Silence/voice detection (e.g., Appendix B of
ITU-T Recommendation G.729): comfort noise
is preferred instead of absolute silent
background
 Header compression: 40bytes → 2-7 bytes
(header without compression consumes a
significant portion of bandwidth)
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Delay
 Transmission delay consists of codec processing
delay and propagation delay
 G.131 requirements
 <150ms: acceptable for most user applications
 150-400ms: acceptable for international connections
 >400ms: unacceptable for general network planning
purposes; however might be tolerable in some
exceptional cases
 Impact of delay on speech quality
 Some study shows that the MOS value decreases from
3.74 (±0.52) to 3.48 (±0.48) when delay increases
from 100ms to 350ms
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Delay Budget for VoIP Using
G.729

Note: Dnw could be as high as 100ms between US and China

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Network QoS
 Debatable issue: is QoS really necessary?
 Unnecessary for a network with small traffic
(links always <30% occupied)
 QoS is mostly desirable when bandwidth
becomes expensive (e.g., wireless mobile
VoIP or in some remote areas of the
world)
 QoS can be achieved by
 Managing router queues
 Routing traffic around congested parts of the
network EE493Q: Digital Speech Processing
Two Approaches to QoS
 Fine-grained approaches which provide
QoS to individual applications or flows
 Integrated services such as Resource
Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
 Coarse-grained approaches which provide
QoS to large classes of data or aggregated
traffic
 Differentiated services such as asynchronous
transform mode (ATM)
 VoIP adopts differentiated QoS approach
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Comparison Between RSVP and
ATM
RSVP ATM

Receiver generates Sender generates connection

reservation request
Soft state (refresh/timeout) Hard state (explicit delete)

Separate from route Concurrent with route

establishment establishment
QoS can change dynamically QoS is static for life of
connection
Receiver heterogeneity Uniform QoS to all receivers

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Voice Over Internet Protocol
(VoIP)
 Introduction to Computer Networks
 Direct link networks
 Internetworking
 End-to-end protocols

 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)

 Voice quality
 Transport
 Network QoS
 Multimedia Streaming
EE493Q: Digital Speech Processing
What is the Difference between
Downloading and Streaming?
 Downloading
 Fully download media files to your computer’s
hard drive before you could begin playing them
 Pro: quality guaranteed
 Con: you have to wait a long time
 Streaming
 You can listen to or view media files AS they
are downloaded in Real Time.
 Pro: minimal waiting time, no need to store
 Con: quality depends

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Why Streaming is Cool
 Exactly the most seamless way to
integrate video or audio into web sites
 Source material for streaming can consist
of either live presentations or prerecorded
material.
 Anytime and anyplace distribution of on
demand media to people any where in the
world, which makes streaming technology
so different from broadcasting and so
promising for web-based education and
training.
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Deeper Impact
 The Web now becomes capable of
accomplishing what no other medium has
been able to do.
 It can use as its content all other media
formats. Text, video, audio, images and
even live radio and TV broadcasts can all
be integrated and delivered through a
single medium.
 Wait until Web2.0 (also called “semantic
web”)

EE493Q: Digital Speech Processing