UMaths Unit 3 Derivatives and Differentiation

WUC 112 University
Mathematics
Unit 3
Derivatives and Differentiation
By
KOH YOU BENG
Koh you beng

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Friday, October 17, 2008 Derivatives and Differentiation 1
Contact Information
1) Contact number:
012-6721632
2) Email address:
kyb1@tutor.wou.edu.my
/kohyoubeng@hotmail.com
3) Time available for telephone tutoring:

weekdays: 6.00 pm – 8.00 pm
Please contact me at least once every 3

weeks.
Koh you beng

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Objectives
By the end of unit 3, you should be able to
• Find the slope of a tangent and normal to a curve at a point.
• Understand the definition of derivative of a function
• Use the definition to evaluate the derivative of a function.
• Apply some theorems on derivatives, namely, the sum and difference
rule, the product rule, reciprocal rule, quotient rule and the chain
rule.
• Apply the mean value theorem and the Rolle’s theorem in solving
problems.
• Find derivatives of higher orders.
• Apply the concept of differentiation on rate of change, velocity,
acceleration, free fall and economics.
• Differentiate trigonometric functions.
• Carry out implicit differentiation.
• Find an approximate root of an equation by using Newton-Raphson
approximation method.
• Apply L‘Hospital's rule to evaluate the limit of a quotient.
Koh you beng
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 PQ is a secant line. The slope/gradient of a secant
line between 2 points on a curve is the change in y-
values divided by the change in x-values.
δy
slope =
δx
 Example: let y = 2x2 and says P(2,8) and Q(3,18)
δy = 18 – 8 = 10 and δx = 3 – 2 = 1
δy 10
Thus, the slope of secant PQ = = = 10
δx 1
Koh you beng
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 PS is the tangent to the curve at P. Since a tangent is
a straight line touches only one point on the curve,
how do we find the slope of the tangent line?
 Thus in the limiting value,
δy
slope of tangent line at P = lim
δx →0 δx
 y  f  x   x  f  x
f ( x + δx ) − f ( x )
= lim
δx →0 δx
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Example: let f(x) = 2x2 and says P(2,8)
f(x+δx) = 2(x+δx)2 = 2(x2 + 2x δx + (δx)2)
f ( x + δx ) − f ( x )
Gradient function of f = δlim
x →0 δx
= lim
[ ]
2 x 2 + 4 xδx + ( δx ) − 2 x 2
2
δx → 0 δx
4 xδx + ( δx )
2
= lim
δx → 0 δx
= lim { 4 x + δx} = 4 x
δx → 0
When x = 2, the slope of tangent line at point P = 4(2) = 8.
Koh you beng

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The Definition of Derivative
 The derivative of f(x) is designated as f’(x) or f’ or y’.
 f ’(x) = the slope of tangent line/the gradient of a curve
= the derivative
f '  x   lim
 x  h  f  x
of ff(x)
h 0 h
= the gradient function of a curve
Find the derivative of f ( x ) = 2 x
f ( x + h) − f ( x) 2( x + h ) − 2 x
f ' ( x ) = lim = lim
h →0 h h→0 h
 2 x + 2h − 2 x 2 x + 2h + 2 x   2 x + 2h − 2 x 
= lim ×  = lim
h→0
 h 2 x + 2 h + 2 x  (
h→0 h
 2 x + 2 h + 2 )
x


 2h   2 
= lim  = lim
h→0 h
 (2 x + 2 h + 2 x  )h →0

 ( )
2 x + 2h + 2 x 
2 1
= =
2 2x 2x
Koh you beng
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The Tangent Line and The
The equation of tangent line at point c
Normal Line

y − f ( c ) = f ' ( c )( x − c )
 The equation of normal line at point c
−1
y − f ( c) = ( x − c)
f ' ( c)
 Example: let f(x) = 2x2, find the tangent and normal
equation when x = 3.
f’(x) = 4x, when x = 3, f(3) = 18, f’(3) = 12.
 The equation of tangent line at point x = 3
y  18  12  x  3  y  12 x  18
 The equation of normal line at point x = 3
1 x 73
y  18    x  3  y 
12 12 4
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Differentiability and

lim
f ( x + h) − f ( x) Continuity
A function f is differentiable at the point c if
exist.
h →0 h
 If f is differentiable at x, then f is continuous at x.
 If f is continuous at x, f may not differentiable at x.
 Example: f(x) = |x| is continuous at x = 0 but not
differentiable at x = 0.
 x, x ≥ 0
f ( x) = x = 
− x, x < 0
 f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)   − ( 0 + h) − 0  −h
f '− ( 0) = lim−  = lim
 h→0−  = lim
 h →0 − = −1
h →0  h   h  h
 f ( 0 + h ) − f ( 0)   ( 0 + h) − 0  h
f '+ ( 0) = lim+  = lim
 h →0 +   h →0 − = 1
= lim
h →0  h   h  h
f '− ( 0) ≠ f '+ ( 0) , thus f is not differentiable at x = 0.

Koh you beng
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The dy/dx notation
dy
=the derivatives of a function y with respect to x.
dx
Example:
dy d
differentiate y = 2 x with respect to x ⇒ = 2x
dx dx
dx d
differentiate x = 2 y 2 with respect to y ⇒ = 2 y2
dy dy
du d
differentiate u = ( 2t − 1) with respect to t ⇒ = ( 2t − 1)
2 2
dt dt
du d
differentiate u = ( 2t − 1) with respect to x ⇒ = ( 2t − 1)
2 2
dx dx
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Differentiation Formula
d e.g. d
(102) = 0
1.
(k) = 0 dx
dx
3.
d n
( )
x = nx n −1 e.g.
d 3
dx
( x ) = 3x 2
dx
5. d
( )
kx n = nkx n −1 e.g.
d
dx
( )
12 x 3 = 36 x 2
dx
d  1
d  1  2
7.  n e.g.   = −
  = − dx  x 2 x3
dx  x n  x n +1 
d d d
9.
d
( u ( x ) ± v( x ) ) = u ( x ) ± v( x ) e.g. dx 
d d 2 x 3
 3 x 2
 dx   dx  3x 2 
 2 x 3

dx dx dx
 6 x2  6 x
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Product Rule
dy dv du
 If y = uv then dx = u + v
dx dx
where u and v are both functions of x
Example
(
 If y = x − 4 x + 6 1 − 3 x
2 3
, )( dy
Find dx )
 Let u = x 2 − 4 x + 6 and v = 1 − 3 x
3
 Then du  2 x  4 and
dv
 9 x 2
dx dx
dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx
  x 2  4 x  6   9 x 2    1  3 x 3   2 x  4 
  9 x 4  36 x 3  54 x 2    2 x  4  6 x 4  12 x 3 
 15 x 4  48 x 3  54 x 2  2 x  4
Koh you beng
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Quotient Rule u
 Let y be a rational function has a form where u and
v
v are functions on x.
 Then the derivative of y with respect to x is given by
du dv
v −u
dy dx x
=
dx v2
 Example
x3 dy
If y  , find
1 x 2
dx dy

 1  x 2
      2x
3 x 2
 x 3
 Let u = x and v = 1 + x
du
3
dv
2 dx  1 x  2 2
Then  2
 2x
x 2  3  3x 2  2 x 2  x2  3  x2 
 3 x and
dx dx
 
 1 x 
2 2
1 x 2 2
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Chain Rule
 Consider the composite function y = f(u), where u is a
function on x.
 The derivative of y with respect to x is given by
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
Example: Differentiate y = 3 x + x ( 4
) 5
 Let y = u and u = 3 x + x .
5 4
 Then
dy du
 5u 4 and  12 x3  1
du dx
 Therefore,
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
( ) (
= 5u 4 12 x 3 + 1 = 5 3 x 4 + x 12 x 3 + 1 )( )
Koh you beng
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Higher order derivative
For any given function y  f  x 
 Differentiating y,
dy
= f ' ( x) First derivative
dx
dy
 Differentiating ,
dx
d  dy  d 2 y
  = 2 = f ' ' ( x ) Second derivative
dx  dx  dx
d2y
 Differentiating ,
dx 2
d d2y d3y
 2  = 3 = f ' ' ' ( x ) Third derivative
dx  dx  dx
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Mean Value Theorem
 If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a,b), then there is
at least one number c in (a,b) where
f (b)  f (a )
 f '(c)  f (b)  f (a )  f '(c)(b  a )
ba
 Means that there exist at least one point c where the

tangent at c is same as the slope of the line ab.
Koh you beng

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The Roller’s Theorem
 If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a,b), If both f(a)
and f(b) are 0. Then there is at least one number c in
(a,b) which f’(c) = 0.
 If g is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] and
differentiable on the open interval (a,b), If g(a) = g(b).
Then there is at least one number c in (a,b) which g’(c)
= 0.
Koh you beng

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Derivative as a rate of change
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
 Average rate of change =
h f ( x + h) − f ( x)
 Instantaneous rate of change = lim
h →0 h
 Speed is average rate of change of distance with
respect to time
 Velocity is the derivative of distance with respect to
time (1st derivative).
 Acceleration is the derivative of velocity with respect
to time (2nd derivative of distance with respect to
time)
 Up (or right) is a positive velocity.
 Down (or left) is a negative velocity.
 When an object reaches its peak, its velocity equals
zero.
Koh you beng
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Free Fall
 When an object is projected vertically upwards or
downwards,
 The vertical height,
1
y ( x ) = − gt 2 + v0t + y0
2
 The vertical velocity,
y ' ( x ) = − gt + v0
 The acceleration,
y' ( x ) = − g
where g is the gravitational constant, 9.8ms-2; v0 = initial
velocity; t = time take and y0 = the initial height.
Koh you beng

kyb1@wou.edu.
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Economic
 If C(x) is a cost function of x unit products, then C’(x) is
marginal cost of x units products.
 The profit function, P(x) is given by P(x) = R(x) - C(x).
where R(x) and C(x) are revenue and cost function
respectively. P’(x) is marginal profit of x products.
 Break-even points occur when R(x) = C(x) or P(x) = 0.
Koh you beng

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Trigonometric Functions
 Standard formula
d d
sin x  cos x cos x   sin x
dx dx
Example:Find the derivative of y = sec 3x
1
= ( cos 3 x )
−1
y = sec 3 x =
cos 3 x
let u = 3x, v = cos 3 x = cos u. thus y = ( cos 3 x ) = v −1
−1
du dv dy
= 3, = − sin u = −v − 2
dx du dv
By using Chain rule, the derivative of y = sec 3x is
dy dy dv du −2 3 sin 3 x
= × × = −v × − sin u × 3 = 2
= 3 tan 3x sec 3 x
dx dv du dx cos 3x
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Implicit Differentiation
 The functional relationship between two variables
where the dependent variable y is not given explicitly
in terms of the independent variable x.
y = 2x explicit function
y 2 − 2 x = 0 implicit function
Differentiate both side Differentiate both side
d d 
[ y ] = ( 2 x ) 2  d 2
[ d
]
1
y − 2 x = [ 0]
dx dx   dx dx
dy 1
[ ]
d 2 d
1
= ( 2 x ) 2 ( 2) y − [ 2 x] = 0
−
dx 2 dx dx
dy 1 1 dy dy 2 1
= = 2y − 2 = 0 ⇒ = =
dx 2x y dx dx 2 y y
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Find the normal line to the curve tan xy ( )= y
2 π 
at point  4 ,1
 
d
dx
[ ( )]
tan xy 2 =
d
dx
( )  dy  dy
y ⇒ sec 2 xy 2  y 2 + 2 xy  =
dx  dx

dy
=
( )
y 2 sec 2 xy 2
( )
dx 1 − 2 xy sec 2 xy 2
π dy 2
when x = , y = 1 =
4 dx 1 − π
π  1 π −1
The gradient of normal line at point  ,1 = − =
4  dy 2
dx
π −1  π  π −1 π 2 − π + 8
The equal of normal line : y − 1 = x− ⇒ y = x−
2  4 2 8
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L’Hospital’s Rule
 Suppose that f and g are differentiable functions and
lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim g ( x ) = 0
x →c x →c
f ' ( x) f ( x) f ' ( x)
If lim exist, then lim = lim
x →c g' ( x) x →c g ( x ) x →c g ' ( x )
Suppose that f and g are differentiable functions and


lim f ( x ) = ∞ and lim g ( x ) = ∞

x →c x →c
f ' ( x) f ( x) f ' ( x)
If lim exist, then lim = lim
x →c g ' ( x ) x →c g ( x ) x →c g ' ( x )
sin x
Example : Find the limit of lim .
x→0 x
sin x 0
since lim is an indeterminate form of type
x→0 x d 0
sin x
sin x cos x
lim = lim dx = lim =1
x →0 x x → 0 d x → 0 1
x
dx
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Newton-Raphson
 Approximation
Let f(x) be a differentiable function and let x be an initial
1
approximation to the root r of f(x) = 0. Let E denote a
bound for the error. Repeat the following step for n =
1,2,… until the difference between successive error terms
is within the error.
f ( xn )
xn +1 = xn −
f ' ( xn )
Example, Let y = x 2 − 1 and x1 = 2. Find x2 , x3 by newton method
The derivative of y is y ' = 2 x
f ( x1 ) 3
x2 = x1 − = 2 − = 1.25
f ' ( x1 ) 4
f ( x2 ) 0.5625
x3 = x2 − = 1.25 − = 1.025
f ' ( x2 ) 2.5
Koh you beng
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End of slide show
Question and Answer
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Question
1. Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x
a. y  sin 2 x  cos 2 x
b. y  sin  2 
c. u  4  4 cos 2 2 x
1 x
d. v 
1 x
x  1
2
e. y  sin 2 2
1 dy 2
2.Given that x = tan y, prove that =
2 dx 1 + x 2
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UMaths Unit 3 Derivatives and Differentiation

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WUC 112 University

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3) Time available for telephone tutoring:

Please contact me at least once every 3

Koh you beng

When x = 2, the slope of tangent line at point P = 4(2) = 8.

Koh you beng

 Example: f(x) = |x| is continuous at x = 0 but not

f '− ( 0) ≠ f '+ ( 0) , thus f is not differentiable at x = 0.

Koh you beng

Koh you beng

Koh you beng

 Means that there exist at least one point c where the

Koh you beng

Koh you beng

Koh you beng

Koh you beng

Suppose that f and g are differentiable functions and

lim f ( x ) = ∞ and lim g ( x ) = ∞

Question and Answer

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Koh you beng

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