Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Behaviorism
C ognitivism
O bjectivist
C onstructivist
Behaviorism
Learning = change in behavior Observable performance in response to a stimulus (2+2=?) Focus on environment, on the stimuli arranged to enhance learning and performance (Skinner box; PI; Mager books) Basis for AV (WWII, Cleaning Your Gun) and early learning product design
Behaviorism
Task analysis is based on behaviorism Emphasis on mastering early, small steps prior to moving on to next steps Reliance upon use of reinforcements to encourage learning ID wants to set up circumstances so the learner will do it to receive reinforcements Most potent for learning facts, for recall. Less effective to explain problem solving and creativity
Cognitivism
Began to emerge as the dominant learning theory in the late 1950s, as educators and psychologists began to de-emphasize overt behavior in favor of mental processes and language and concept formation, higher order learning Recently, some ID preference for cognitivism, particularly in those situations enabled by new media (WWW)
Cognitivism
Emphasis on readiness, confidence, feelings, goal setting, mental rehearsal, memory Emphasis on active participation of the learner through mental engagement with learning environment Focus on how learners think about and rehearse materials in order to learn, ie, shift material from short term to long term memory. Forgetting is the inability to retrieve
Cognitivism
Both cognitivists and behaviorists believe that learning is most likely to occur if material is simplified, standardized, made accessible and organized Both also agree on importance of feedback, but for different reasons? How might each see it? Cognitivists are interested in outlining, summarizing, advance organizers, mneumonics
Behaviorism
C ognitivism
O bjectivist
C onstructivist
Cognitivism: Objectivist
IDs, historically, have believed that optimals and objectives were knowable and achievable Some cognitivists-- the objectivists- agree. While their objectives would be different (more about knowing and understanding and summarizing), they think establishing and even trumpeting intentions are critical to our efforts
Cognitivism: Constructivist
On the other hand, constructivists vehemently disagree No preestablished outcomes Since reality changes and knowledge must be constructed, no point in articulating it Emphasis on individual construction of meaning, on authentic processes and experiences, on rich and real engagement