Introduction & Structural Modeling

What is Structural Analysis ?

A Process to determine the RESPONSES (reactions, displacements, internal forces) of a STRUCTURE (well defined geometry, materials, and restraints) under considered LOADS (forces, prescribed displacements, temperature changes).

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Structure & Loads

Structural Analysis

Deformed Shape

Internal Forces
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Reactions

Structural Modeling
In Matrix Approach, structural analysis process depends on the model. Structural Modeling consists of :
Elemen / Member modeling Node / Joint modeling
Free nodes Restrained nodes

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Types of line elements in 2D

Fixed-Fixed unknown : 6 equation : 3 net unknown : 3 unknown : 5 equation : 3 net unknown : 2 unknown : 4 equation : 3 net unknown : 1

Pinned-Fixed

Pinned-Pinned

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Types of line elements in 2D

Fixed-Free unknown : 3 equation : 3 net unknown : 0 unknown : 2 equation : 3 net unknown : -1 locally unstable unknown : 4 equation : 3 net unknown : 1

Pinned-Free

Fixed-Roller

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Types of rigid joints in 2D

Rigid Connections Rigid-Pinned Connections Rigid-Pinned Connections

equation : 3 degrees of freedom : 3 Pinned Connections

equation : 3 d.o.f : 3 trivial d.o.f : 1

equation : 3 d.o.f : 3 trivial d.o.f : 2

Fixed-Roller Connections Roller-Roller Connections

equation : 2 trivial equation : 1 d.o.f : 2 trivial d.o.f : 3

equation : 3 d.o.f : 3 trivial d.o.f : 2

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equation : 1 trivial equation : 2 d.o.f : 1 trivial d.o.f : 4

Types of deformable joints in 2D

Roller-Roller Connections Rigid Connections

equation : 1 trivial equation : 2 d.o.f : 2 trivial d.o.f : 4

equation : 3 d.o.f : 4

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Joint Restraints Fixed & Pinned

u=3 e=3 u=3 d.o.f : 0

u=2 e=3 u=3 d.o.f : 0 trivial d.o.f : 1 net unknown : 2

u=3 e=3 u=2 d.o.f : 1 net unknown : 2

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u=2 e=2 u=2 d.o.f : 0 (trivial d.o.f.:2) net unknown : 2

Joint Restraints Roller

u=1 e=3 u=3 d.o.f : 0 (trivial d.o.f. :2) net unknown : 1 u=3 e=3 u=1 d.o.f : 2 net unknown : 1 u=1 e=1 u=1 d.o.f : 0 (trivial d.o.f. : 4) net unknown : 1
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u=2 e=2 u=1 d.o.f : 1 (trivial d.o.f. : 3) net unknown : 1

Static & Kinematic Indeterminacy

Statically Determined Structure :
A Structure where the internal forces can be obtained by using equilibrium equations only, without compatibility condition. Number of compatibility conditions needed to accompany equilibrium equations for obtaining the internal forces, is called the degree of static indeterminacy (oSI)

Formula : o SI=nu members + u supports e joints

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Static & Kinematic Indeterminacy

Kinematically Determined Structure :
A Structure where the deformed shape can be obtained by compatibility conditions only, without equilibrium equations. Number of equilibrium equations needed to accompany compatibility conditions for obtaining the deformed shape, is called the degree of Kinematic indeterminacy (oKI)

Formula : Number of non-trivial Independent d.o.f.

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Example 1 : Determine the oSI

Model A e=3 u=2

o

Model B e=3 u=1

o

nu=3

e=2 u=2

nu=1

e=2 u=1

SI = nu + u e = 3 + (2+1) (3+3) =0

SI = nu + u e = 1 + (2+1) (2+2) =0

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Example 1 : Determine the oKI

Model A Model B

KI = 3

KI = 1

(2 d.o.f. trivial)

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Example 2 : Determine the oSI - oKI

e=3 nu=3 e=3 u=3
o

nu=3

e=3 nu=3 e=3 u=3

SI = nu + u e = 3x3 + 2x3 4x3 = 3

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Example 2 : Determine the oKI

KI = 6

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Highlights
oSI does not depend on the chosen model. oKI depends on the chosen model. There is no direct correlation between oSI & oKI. Adding node(s) to existing model (=using more elements) will only affect oKI.
Try example 1 with 2 elements

Adding element(s) without constraint(s) will only affect oSI.

Try example 2 + diagonal cable (pendel)
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