INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Histology

Histology
The human body is made up of an enormous number of tiny units of living material called cells. It is supported by the skeletal system Moved by the muscular system Controlled by the nervous system, through stimulation of the sense organs It is covered by the skin Energy is obtained from food which is broken down by the digestive system and released by oxidation kept going by the respiratory system

Histology
Food and other materials are distributed by the circulatory system and lymphatic system, which carry waste to the excretory system The metabolic functions are coordinated by the endocrine system and the species procreates by the reproductive system The study of the arrangement of organs is called anatomy and their methods of functioning is called physiology The study of cells and tissues is called histology

Histology - Cells
Definition:
A single unit of life, which displays all the general characteristics of living organisms.
MOVEMENT REPRODUCTION GROWTH REPAIR RESPIRATION EXCRETION SENSITIVITY DIGESTION

Histology
Cells Tissues Organs

Systems
Organism

Histology - Cells
Cells are the smallest units of the body

A human body is made up of millions of cells

Cells are grouped together to form tissues which have specialised functions eg. Blood All cells need energy (nutrients and oxygen) to live and grow All cells need to get rid of waste products from the burning of energy

TYPES OF CELLS

CELL STRUCTURE

CELL STRUCTURE
ORGANELLE

little organ A specialized structure found inside cells that carries out a specific life process

CELL STRUCTURE
NUCLEUS

Control centre of cell activities Contains genes for inheritance Genes made up of DNA
MEMBRANE Encloses / protects cell contents Very thin, semi permeable (pores) Allows certain substances to pass in and out of the cell

CELL STRUCTURE
CYTOPLASM

Jelly like substance inside cell Contains dissolved substances (water / carbohydrate / proteins)
MITOCHONDRIA

Cell power house Responsible for energy production Oxygen + Glucose = Energy

CELL STRUCTURE
GOLGI APPARATUS Or golgi body / complex Flattened, layered, sac like structure Located near the nucleus Produce membranes that surround the lysosomes Packages proteins and carbohydrates for export from the cell
LYSOSOME Contain enzymes for digestion Break down waste products and debris from outside cell into simple compounds

CELL STRUCTURE
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth) A network of sacs that manufactures, processes and transports substances for use inside and outside the cell Provides a connection between the nucleus and the cytoplasm ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (rough) assists in transportation of materials through the cell and plays an important role in protein manufacture alongside ribosomes.

Histology
Histology is defined as microscopic anatomy. It is the study of the structure of tissues. All living matter is composed of cells.

Life starts with a single ovum (female sex cell) which is fertilized by a spermatozoon (male sex cell) this process is called meiosis.
The fertilized cell divides by a process called mitosis.

The nucleus of the cell contains chromosomes which are made up of genes which in turn are made from strands of DNA.
This DNA contains the instructions to produce a complete human being.

As a result of mitosis, a ball of cells is formed from which all the different types of tissues are formed.
There are four types of tissues; epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous.

Histology
Epithelial tissue forms the skin, glands and linings of internal organs.
Connective tissue gives support and rigidity to the body, this includes bone and cartilage. Membranes are made from sheets of epithelial tissue and line the cavities of internal organs of the body. They produce lubricating fluids which moisten their surfaces and prevent friction. Muscular tissue is contractile and is able to produce movement. Nervous tissue carries messages throughout the body. There are three types of liquid tissue; blood, lymph and cerebrospinal fluid.

HISTOLOGY - TISSUES
Animals are multicellular consist of many cells. These cells are not all alike - Most cells are specialised to perform certain functions. Groups of specialised cells are called tissues.

There are four types of tissues:

Epithelial Muscular Nervous Connective

HISTOLOGY - TISSUES
1. Epithelial consist of sheets of cells cover the external / internal surfaces of the body line the inside of glands forms the epidermis

2. Muscular consists of fibres which contract each fibre is a cell 3. 4. Nervous contain cells neurons which conduct messages around the body messages are nerve impulses Connective used to connect tissues and organs supports / protects organs e.g. bone, tendons, collagen

ORGANS & SYSTEMS

ORGAN In the body different kinds of tissues combine together to form organs which have one or a related group of functions. For example; the heart is an organ with the function of pumping blood around the body. It contains muscular, nervous and connective (blood) tissue. SYSTEM Body systems consist of a group of organs, which are concerned with one of the bodys living processes. These living processes involve the use and supply of chemicals and energy and the removal of waste.

METABOLISM This is the technical name for all the chemical changes in an organism which are necessary for life and include the activities of nutrition, respiration, excretion, movement, growth, repair and reproduction.
RESPIRATION This is the chemical breakdown of foods such as sugars and combining it with oxygen to produce energy for life within the cells.

HISTOLOGY - REVISION
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The study of bodily functions is called? The study of bodily structure is called? What is the smallest single unit in the body called? What is the outer protective part of the cell called? What is the liquid part of the cell called? What part of the cell is responsible for releasing energy? What part of the cell is the main control centre? Cell division is called? What does DNA contain?

10. Give an example of epithelial tissue. 11. Give an example of connective tissue. 12. What does connective tissue do? 13. Give an example of a liquid tissue. 14. What do membranes produce?

15. A collection of cells having a similar structure and function is called?

16. What is needed to combine to produce energy? 17. What is the process of burning energy in the cell called? 18. What does a nerve cell carry? 19. What is a muscle cell able to do?

20. Put the following into the correct order; systems, cell, organs, tissues